2. (8) Science concepts. The student knows that changes in matter affect everyday life. The student is expected to: (A) distinguish between physical and chemical changes in matter such as oxidation, digestion, changes in states, and stages in the rock cycle; (B) analyze energy changes that accompany chemical reactions such as those occurring in heat packs, cold packs, and glow sticks to classify them as endergonic or exergonic reactions; (C) investigate and identify the law of conservation of mass; (D) describe types of nuclear reactions such as fission and fusion and their roles in applications such as medicine and energy production; and

3. The Rock Cycle, which was first developed in the 18th century by James Hutton, is an interrelated sequence of events in which rocks are created, altered, destroyed, and reformed. The processes that occur below the surface of the Earth are called Lithospheric Processes, while processes that occur about the surface are called Atmospheric Processes.

4. Igneous rock: rock formed by solidifying magma Lava: magma that has reached the surface through a volcanic eruption Magma: molten rock beneath the surface of the earth Metamorphic rock: rock formed from igneous or sedimentary rock that has been subjected to tremendous heat and pressure over time Plate tectonics: the movement of the large and small solid "plates" on the outer skin of the earth Sediment: mixture of broken pieces of large rocks, minerals, and the remains of living things Sedimentary rock: rock cemented together from broken pieces of other rocks and from the remains of living things Weathering: the physical or chemical breaking down of rocks

6. When chemical reactions take place they are often accompanied by heat changes The system (the reactants which form products) may give out heat to the surroundings, causing them to warm up In this case the reactants have more stored energy than the products. Such chemical reactions are said to be exothermic. The system may take heat from the surroundings, causing them to cool down. In this case the reactants have less stored energy than the products. Such chemical reactions are said to be endothermic.

7. Chemical reactions happen all around us. When we light a match. When we start a car. When we eat dinner. Even when we walk our dog. Did you know when you put hydrogen with oxygen to form water it is a chemical reaction. A chemical reaction is the pathway by which two substances bond together. http://web.jjay.cuny.edu/~acarpi/NSC/6-react.htm

8. How do light sticks work? When the stick is flexed, a glass ampule inside the stick breaks. This results in the mixing and reaction of an organic oxalate (R-O-CO-CO-O- R', where the Rs stand for organic groups) and hydrogen peroxide, H 2 O 2. The reaction that produces a product in an 'excited' state. The product loses energy to relax back down to its ground state by dumping energy to a fluorescent dye molecule present in the stick. The dye releases the energy as brilliantly colored light. http://marie.frostburg.edu/chem/faq/lightstick.html

9. Established in 1789 by French chemist Antoine Lavoisier. States that mass is neither created nor destroyed in any ordinary chemical reaction. Or more simply, the mass of substances produced (products) by a chemical reaction is always equal to the mass of the reacting substances (reactants).

10. To make large-scale use of the energy released in fission, one fission event must trigger another, so that the process spreads thoughout the nuclear fuel as in a set of dominos. The fact that more neutrons are produced in fission than are consumed raises the possibility of a chain reaction. Such a reaction can be either rapid (as in an atomic bomb) http://library.thinkquest.org/3471/noNetscape/fission.html

11. Fusion reactions are the combining of two nuclei to form a more massive nucleus. Many fusion reactions release large amounts of energy. An example is the combining of two isotopes of hydrogen (tritium and deuterium) to form helium and a neutron plus a large amount of kinetic energy in the reaction products

12. In addition to this work, ORNL conducts world-class programs in other aspects of neutron science and technology: producing radioisotopes vital to the nation's nuclear medicine program, including californium-252 for treating ovarian cancer and tin- 117m for easing bone cancer pain; Exploring how fast neutrons damage materials used in fusion and fission energy production; And refining neutron activation analysis to detect very low concentrations of impurities in materials. ORNL has performed pioneering work in all these areas of R&D http://www.ornl.gov/publications/core/nuclear.html

13. Canadian Rockhound: The Rock Cycle http://www.conceptsandchallenges.com/3edcnc/3e dcnc_s/earth_s/earth_rocks_s.htmlhttp://www.conceptsandchallenges.com/3edcnc/3e dcnc_s/earth_s/earth_rocks_s.html Active Chemistry: Chemistry Principles: Cool Chemistry ShowActive Chemistry: Chemistry Principles: Cool Chemistry Show http://marie.frostburg.edu/chem/faq/lightstick.html http://library.thinkquest.org/3471/noNetscape/fissi on.htmlhttp://library.thinkquest.org/3471/noNetscape/fissi on.html http://www.ornl.gov/publications/core/nuclear.htm lhttp://www.ornl.gov/publications/core/nuclear.htm l