1. Figure 11.0 Yeast

2. Figure 11.1 Communication between mating yeast cells Cell Communication Between separate organisms Between cells within an organism

3. Figure 11.2 Communication among bacteria

4. Figure 11.3 Local and long-distance cell communication in animals Communicating cells can be close together or far apart.

5. Paracrine Signaling Histamine released by mast cells. Inflammation of nearby tissue Increased secretion of stomach acid

6. Figure 11.4 Communication by direct contact between cells

7. Three Stages of Cell Signaling 1.Reception: detection of signal 2.Transduction: signal converted to form that yields cellular response 3.Response Earl Sutherland

8. Figure 11.5 Overview of cell signaling (Layer 1)

9. Figure 11.5 Overview of cell signaling (Layer 2)

10. Figure 11.5 Overview of cell signaling (Layer 3)

11. Signal Reception Receptors –Membrane protein –On surface of cell –Specific –Ligand binds receptor causing a change in conformation –Signal transduction pathway initiated Types of membrane receptors –G-Protein Linked Receptors –Tyrosine kinase receptors –Ion-channel receptors

12. Figure 11.6 The structure of a G-protein-linked receptor

13. Figure 11.7 The functioning of a G- protein-linked receptor

14. Figure 11.8 The structure and function of a tyrosine-kinase receptor

15. Figure 11.9 A ligand-gated ion- channel receptor

16. Figure 11.10 Steroid hormone interacting with an intracellular receptor

17. Signal Transduction Pathways Process of relaying signal to produce response. Often several steps/processes Amplification Involves second messengers –Cyclic AMP (cAMP), Ca 2+ Protein Kinase: Enzyme that transfers phosphate from ATP to a protein Protein Phosphatase: enzyme that removes phosphate from a protein.

18. Figure 11.11 A phosphorylation cascade

19. Figure 11.12 Cyclic AMP

20. Figure 11.13 cAMP as a second messenger

21. Examples of Hormone-induced Cellular Responses Mediated by cAMP Target TissueHormoneMajor Response Thyroid glandTSHTH synthesis/secretion MuscleAdrenalineGlycogen breakdown HeartAdrenalineIncrease heart rate/force of contract LiverGlucagonGlycogen breakdown

22. Figure 11.14 The maintenance of calcium ion concentrations in an animal cell

23. Figure 11.15 Calcium and inositol triphosphate in signaling pathways (Layer 1)

24. Figure 11.15 Calcium and inositol triphosphate in signaling pathways (Layer 2)

25. Figure 11.15 Calcium and inositol triphosphate in signaling pathways (Layer 3)

26. Some Cellular Responses Mediated by G-Protein-linked Receptors Coupled to Inositol Phospholipid Signaling Pathway Target TissueSignaling Molecule Major Response LiverVasopressinGlycogen breakdown PancreasAcetylcholineAmylase secretion Smooth MuscleAcetylcholineContraction Mast cellsAntigenHistamine secretion

27. Figure 11.16 Cytoplasmic response to a signal: the stimulation of glycogen breakdown by epinephrine

28. Figure 11.17 Nuclear response to a signal: the activation of a specific gene by a growth factor

29. Amplification of Signal Response

30. Figure 11.18 The specificity of cell signaling

31. Figure 11.19 A scaffolding protein