1. Copyright © 2007 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Chapter 4 Assessing and Diagnosing Abnormality

2. Copyright © 2007 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Chapter 4 The Clinical Interview Intake interview – Structured versus unstructured Resistance from the client is a limitation of the interview.

3. Copyright © 2007 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Chapter 4 Symptoms and History Current symptoms – How much do they interfering with the client’s ability to function? – How does he/she cope with stressful situations? Self concept – Does the client have a strong sense of self?

4. Copyright © 2007 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Chapter 4 Symptoms and History, continued Recent events – Have any negative or positive events happened lately? History of psychological disorders – Has the client experienced symptoms similar to the current symptoms at some time in the past? Family history of psychological disorders – Does the client’s family have a history of psychological disorders or symptoms?

5. Copyright © 2007 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Chapter 4 Physiological and Neurophysiological Factors Physical Condition – Any medical conditions? Drug and Alcohol Use – Is the client taking any drugs that could cause symptoms? – Is the client taking any prescriptions that could interact negatively? Intellectual and Cognitive Functioning – Any cognitive deficits that could cause symptoms?

6. Copyright © 2007 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Chapter 4 Sociocultural Factors Social Resources – Friends and family, amount of contact, and the quality of these relationships – Sociocultural Background Acculturation – To what extent do they identify with group of origin vs. the mainstream dominant culture?

7. Copyright © 2007 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Assessment Tools

8. Copyright © 2007 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Chapter 4 Types of Reliability TypeDescription Test-Retest Alternate Form Internal Interrater or Interjudge Test produces similar results when given at two points in time. Two versions of the same test produce similar results. Different parts of the same test produce similar results. Two or more raters or judges who administer a test to an individual and score it come to similar conclusions.

9. Copyright © 2007 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Chapter 4 Types of Validity TypeDescription Face Content Concurrent Predictive Construct Test appears to measure what it is supposed to measure. Test assesses all important aspects of phenomenon. Test yields the same results as other measures of the same behavior, thoughts or feelings. Test predicts the behavior it is supposed to measure. Test measures what it is supposed to measure and not something else.

10. Copyright © 2007 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Chapter 4 Questionnaires Symptom Questionnaires – These questionnaires may cover a wide variety of symptoms, representing several different disorders. Personality Inventories – Questionnaires meant to assess people’s typical ways of thinking, feeling, and behaving. – Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) is the most widely used personality inventory.

11. Copyright © 2007 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Chapter 4 Measuring Personality & Psychological Functioning Objective testing – Specific questions or statements to which the person responds by using specific, fixed answers or a rating scale – Scores tabulated and compared to reference groups Projective testing – Ambiguous or unstructured stimuli to which client is asked to respond freely. – Unconscious or conscious needs, motives, interests, dynamics are projected onto ambiguous stimuli revealing internal dynamics or personality – More challenging to score and interpret than objective

12. Copyright © 2007 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Chapter 4 Objective Tests Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI; MMPI-2) Millon Multi-Axial Inventory III (MCMI-III) 16 Personality Factors (16PF) NEO Personality Inventory (NEO-PI)

13. Copyright © 2007 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Chapter 4 Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory - 2 First published in 1943 by Hathaway and McKinley Designed for routine diagnostic assessments Empirical keying approach 504 statements 724 Minnesota”normals” and 221 psychiatric patients Originally 8 clinical scales plus validity scales – MF and Si added later (items increased to 566)

14. Copyright © 2007 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Chapter 4 Administration and Scoring Administered individually or in groups – not a “take home” test – computerized version available Administration time is approximately 1 to 1.5 hours Scored by hand or computer Must be interpreted by qualified professionals For use with individuals 18 years and older Can break test session up into shorter segments – MMPI-2 for 18-year-olds who are in college, working or living independently

15. Copyright © 2007 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Chapter 4

16. Copyright © 2007 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Chapter 4 Intelligence Testing

17. Copyright © 2007 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Chapter 4 Origins of Intelligence Testing  Stanford-Binet  the widely used American revision of Binet’s original intelligence test  revised by Terman at Stanford University

18. Copyright © 2007 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Chapter 4 Intelligence Quotient  defined originally the ratio of mental age (ma) to chronological age (ca) multiplied by 100  IQ = ma/ca x 100)  on contemporary tests, the average performance for a given age is assigned a score of 100

19. Copyright © 2007 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Chapter 4 Assessing Intelligence  Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS)  most widely used intelligence test  subtests  verbal  performance (nonverbal)

20. Copyright © 2007 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Chapter 4 Assessing Intelligence: Sample Items from the WAIS From Thorndike and Hagen, 1977 VERBAL General Information Similarities Arithmetic Reasoning Vocabulary Comprehension Digit Span PERFORMANCE Picture Completion Picture Arrangement Block Design Object Assembly Digit-Symbol Substitution

21. Copyright © 2007 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Chapter 4 The Normal Curve

22. Copyright © 2007 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Chapter 4 Intelligence testing Arguments for  reliable measure of individual differences – important for identifying need, allocating resources  reliable predictor of school achievement  identify discrepancies between expected and actual performance  allow for accountability, measurement of change and evaluation of program effectiveness

23. Copyright © 2007 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Chapter 4 IQ tests Arguments against  measure samples of behaviour, i.e. are not exhaustive  not theory driven – less true now  potential for cultural, SES bias  IQs change, reflecting both measurement error + actual performance differences  different tests yield different IQs  not a magical manifestation of a child’s innate potential

24. Copyright © 2007 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Chapter 4 Projective Tests Rorschach Inkblot Test Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) The Sentence Completion Test Draw-A-Person Test

25. Copyright © 2007 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Chapter 4 Behavior Observations and Self- Monitoring Behavior Observation – Example: Watching a child interact with another child to see what provokes him or her Self-Monitoring – Example: Asking a client to keep track of the number of times per day he or she engages in a specific behavior such as smoking a cigarette

26. Copyright © 2007 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Chapter 4 Problems in Assessment Evaluating Children – Difficulties in communication and reporting Cultural Bias – Language barriers – Different cultures experience different psychological disorders differently

27. Copyright © 2007 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Diagnosis

28. Copyright © 2007 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Chapter 4 The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders IV Axis I Clinical disorders Axis II Personality disorders Mental retardation Axis III General medical conditions Axis IV Psychosocial and environmental problems Axis V Global assessment of functioning