1. Routing Fundamentals and Subnets Introduction to IT and Communications Technology CE00378-1

2. Content Describe routed protocols List the steps of data encapsulation in an internetwork as data is routed to Layer 3 devices Describe connectionless and connection-oriented delivery Name the IP packet fields Describe how data is routed Compare and contrast different types of routing protocols List and describe several metrics used by routing protocols List several uses for subnetting Determine the subnet mask for a given situation Use a subnet mask to determine the subnet ID

3. IP Address A packet of data can be sent to a particular network by ANDing it with the network Mask  For a Class C Address this would be 255.255.255.0  All of the bits which represent the network ID are set to 1 the rest are set to 0  When the IP address converted to binary is AND’d with the network mask only the Network ID is displayed  This network address can then be used for routing the packet to the correct interface

4. IP Address Example

5. IP address grouping All of these addresses can be represented in a routing table by the network address 192.168.10.0 Rather than the full 254 addresses which could be added

6. Routed protocol A routed protocol  Is one where it is used carry out addressing across the network The most common example would be IP

7. Network layer devices in data flow Encapsulate Decapsulate A IP Packet being transferred across a network with three routers

8. Router protocol stripping As a packet of information is transported between two points  The level 1 and 2 frame information will be stripped and replaced  This can be done due to a different technology being connected on the next segment of the journey  It may be changing the header with the address of the next point on the route The IP and above layers (3 to 7) will remain the same throughout the transport of the packet

9. Router protocol stripping Example

10. Example Continued

19. Connectionless network services In connectionless services the packets are just transferred between devices No communications are agreed before sending data, all of the packets may take different routes to the same destination based on local conditions Commonly referred to as Packet switched communications

20. Connection orientated services In connection orientated services, the route is worked out before communications start A telephone network is an example of this Commonly referred to as Circuit Switched networks

21. Network layer fields All of the field lengths are fixed except for IP Options and Padding fields The most common Network layer (Routed) protocol is IPv4 at the moment Below is the layout of the protocol with the additional information which needs to be transferred with the data element

22. Routing metrics The routing metrics are the values which are used to work out the best route between two points when offered more than one route Metrics can be Delay Hop Count Bandwidth Load Cost Reliability

23. Data encapsulation Encapsulation  Is the adding of information to the packet Decapsulation  Is the removal of this information Encapsulation Decapsulation

24. The network layer routing The switch will allow routing in the local LAN A packet of information will be forwarded out of a particular interface based on the MAC address of the device attached to it Routers forward based on the IP address (Network layer) information

25. Layer 2 switching & layer 3 routing

26. ARP tables & routing tables

27. Router and switch feature comparison

28. Routed protocol

29. Routing protocol A routing protocol is used to work out the best route based on metrics between multiple points

30. Routing process

31. Routing tables

32. Routing algorithms and metrics

33. Interior & exterior gateway protocols

34. Link-state & distance-vector Distance Vector protocols  Use the distance, direction and vector to any point in the network RIP  Distance Vector IGRP  Distance Vector EIGRP  Distance Vector Link State protocols  Send periodic updates to the network regarding the knowledge they have OSPF  Link State

35. IP address bit patterns  IP Protocols are made up two parts  NETWORK ID and Host ID  Depending on the class is how many bits are represented by each part

36. IP Subnets IP Addresses are made up of  Network ID  Host ID  Depending on the class this dictates the size of each element.  The host ID part though can be split again to extend the length of the Network ID Example would be a Class C address by default  Network ID is 24 bits and Host ID is 8 bits By borrowing bits from the host id the network ID is expanded  The disadvantage is that the number of possible hosts are reduced hosts

37. Subdividing the host octets of a class C address Subdividing the host octets of a class B address Subdividing the host octets of a class A address

38. Subnetting chart (bit position and value) Subnetting chart for a class C address (subnet mask identifier)

39. Subnetting Subnetting chart

40. Subnet scheme Borrowing 3 bits – therefore subnetwork addresses go up in multiples of 32

41. Subnetting chart

42. The logical ANDing process This process is used to work out the network part of the IP address for routing purposes Calculating the subnet ID

43. Summary of lecture IP Addressing  Routing of these protocols  Subnets Class C Routing Protocols Serial Interfaces for WAN’s