1. 1 High Multiplicity Study E.Kokoulina, A.Kutov for SVD-2 Collaboration JINR, Russia & GSTU, Belarus ISMD 2007, LBNL Berkeley, August, 4-9

2. 2 OUTLINE Introduction Introduction Gluon Dominance Model (e + e -, pp, pA, pp) Gluon Dominance Model (e + e -, pp, pA, pp) “Thermalization” project status “Thermalization” project status Outlook Outlook ISMD 2007, LBNL Berkeley, August, 4-9 _

3. 3 Introduction We use the unified approach to the multiplicity description at HEP. It is based on essentials of QCD and on the main experimental phenomena in multiparticle dynamics. HM We are interested the high multiplicity (HM) region: n > n(s). _ ISMD 2007, LBNL Berkeley, August, 4-9

4. 4 - annihilation proton (nucleus) collisions proton-antiproton- annihilation pQCD & hadronization Soft Photons V. Kuvshinov, E.K. Acta Phys.Polon. B13 (1982). Introduction THERMALIZATION project ISMD 2007, LBNL Berkeley, August, 4-9

5. 5 First stage (cascade): a) gluon fission; b) quark bremsstrahlung; c) quark pair creation. Second stage (hadronization): BD Convolution: of two stages quark fission -> NBD Gluon Dominance Model (GDM): e + e - annihilation ISMD 2007, LBNL Berkeley, August, 4-9

6. 6 P n in -annihilation at 22 (TASSO) and 161 GeV (OPAL) ; H(q) at 161 GeV. E. K. Minsk, NPCS (2002)]; ISMD32,2002. 22 GeV PnPn 161 GeV PnPn H(q) 161 GeV GDM: e + e - - annihilation ISMD 2007, LBNL Berkeley, August, 4-9 q n n

7. 7   - maximal (average) multiplicity of hadrons from one gluon while its passing through of hadronization is constant -> fragmentation mechanism of hadronization (one to one)   gluon hadronization is softer than quark one: GDM: e + e - - annihilation ISMD 2007, LBNL Berkeley, August, 4-9

8. 8 After an inelastic collision of two protons the part of energy are converted into the thermal (the dissipating energy) and one or few gluons become free Gluons may give cascade Some of gluons (not of all) leave Quark-Gluon System (QGS) – are evaporated and are converted to hadrons. 1 st stage 2 nd stage GDM: pp - interactions ISMD 2007, LBNL Berkeley, August, 4-9

9. 9 Our model study had shown: quarks of initial protons are staying in leading particles (from 70 to 800 GeV/c). Multiparticle production (MP) is realized by gluons *). We name them active ones. _________________________________________ * The dominance role of gluons at multiparticle production (MP) was proposed S.Pokorski and L. Van Hove (1975), P. Carruthers (1984). GDM: pp - interactions ISMD 2007, LBNL Berkeley, August, 4-9

10. 10 1.Scheme with the branch of gluon in QGS (TSMB) 2. Scheme without the gluon branch (TSTM) E.K. and V.Nikitin. 7 th Int. school-seminar The actual problems of Microworld Physics, Gomel, Belarus. 1 (2004) GDM: pp - interactions ISMD 2007, LBNL Berkeley, August, 4-9

11. 11   MD of active gluons at the moment of impact (Poisson)   MD of branch gluons (Furry) for the first scheme   MD at the hadronization stage (BD) GDM: pp – interactions (scheme with branch) ISMD 2007, LBNL Berkeley, August, 4-9

12. 12 - ratio of evaporated gluons to all active ones; gluon hadronization parameters on second stage; N ~40. This value is very likely to the number of partons in the glob of cold QGP, which leads to production of soft photon excess. P.Lichard & L.Van Hove. Phys.Let. B245 (1990) 605. GDM: pp – interactions (scheme with branch) ISMD 2007, LBNL Berkeley, August, 4-9

13. 13 E.K. Acta Phys.Polon. B35(2004)295 pp – interactions (scheme without branch) After evaporation gluons leave QGS and fragment to hadrons. MD is convolution Poisson and BD 69 GeV/c 800 GeV/c ISMD 2007, LBNL Berkeley, August, 4-9

14. 14 p, GeV/c Mg N 692.48 +/- 0.20 64.24 +/-.13 1.63 +/-0.12 ~2 1022.75 +/ 0.08 83.13 +/-.56 1.64 +/-0.04 2.2 2052.82 +/- 0.20 84.50 +/-.10 2.02 +/-0.12 2.0 3002.94 +/- 0.34 104.07 +/-.86 2.22 +/-0.23 9.8 4052.70 +/-.30 94.60 +/-.24 2.66 +/-0.22 16.4 8003.41 +/- 2.55 1020.3 +/-10.4 2.41 +/-1.69 10.8 pp – interactions (without branch) ISMD 2007, LBNL Berkeley, August, 4-9

15. 15 Hadronization Mechanisms   recombination mechanism   clan as independent intermediate gluon source Recombination: Fragmentation: B.Muller [nucl-th/0404015] ISMD 2007, LBNL Berkeley, August, 4-9

16. 16 Mean multiplicity of π 0 versus the number of n ch pp – interactions (neutral) MD of π 0 at 69 Gev/c Limits to max charged, neutral & total multiplicities (26, 16, 42).   gluon hadronization parameters for π 0   Centaur (yes, HM region), AntiCentaur (no)   particle number limits V. Grishin. Phys.El.Part.and At.Yad. 10 (1989)689. ISMD 2007, LBNL Berkeley, August, 4-9

17. 17 62 GeV E.K., Nikitin V. et al. ISHEPP2004. pp – interactions (ISR, 30-60 GeV) Clan (cluster) superposition consisting from one, two (or more) gluon fission Soft ( ) & semi-hard ( ) components, and so on. PnPn n ISMD 2007, LBNL Berkeley, August, 4-9

18. 18 GDM h/  for pp: 70 GeV/c = 1.19+/-0.25,,, 800 GeV/c = 1.49+/-0.33 … 62 GeV ~ 1.6 ( ). PHENIX pp(nucleus) – interactions (h/  ratio) Au-Au 200 GeV/N, peripheral (60-92%). GDM: PHENIX. Nucl.Phys.A757(2005).   the dominance of active gluon plenty in nucleus central collisions leads to the new kind matter formation –QGP   agreement with h/  ratio pp ISMD 2007, LBNL Berkeley, August, 4-9

19. 19 Soft photons (SP excess) Measured SP: σ( SP) are 5-8 times larger than expected ones from QED. Assumption: QGS or excited new formed hadrons set in almost equilibrium state during a short period. That is why we use the black body emission spectrum: ISMD 2007, LBNL Berkeley, August, 4-9

20. 20 L(fm) 10 11. 30 3.5 15 6.9 40 2.6 25 4.1 50 2.0 M.Volkov,E.K., E.Kuraev. Part. & Nucl. Let., 5 (2004)122 Soft photons (SP excess) The number of SP is estimated by MVB density ρ (T )=n(T)/V:   estimation of SP emission region   SP excess is the sign of hadronization ISMD 2007, LBNL Berkeley, August, 4-9

21. 21 pp – annihilation (experiment) _ J.Rushbrooke & B.Webber. Phys.Rep. C44(1978)1. 32, 100 GeV/c ISMD 2007, LBNL Berkeley, August, 4-9

22. 22 GDM: pp – annihilation Experiments (10-100 GeV/c): a tendency to the production of leading mesons. f 2 behavior explanation. The simple scheme with appearance at first moment of m active gluons. GF and f 2 : E.K. AIP. 828 (2006) 81 _ ISMD 2007, LBNL Berkeley, August, 4-9

23. 23 GDM: pp – annihilation _ GDM includes intermediate quark topologies at the initial stage making only from valent quarks (“0”-, “2-”) or valent and vacuum ones (“4-”, “6-”). MD are superposition of them. + + ++ +++ +… (“0”) (“2”) (“4”) ISMD 2007, LBNL Berkeley, August, 4-9

24. 24 GDM: pp – annihilation _ 14.75 GeV/c   intermediate topology superposition   hadronization predominance at annihilation PnPn ISMD 2007, LBNL Berkeley, August, 4-9

25. 25 Scientific programme: multiparticle dynamics study in p+p(A) interactions with HM (n>20) at IHEP U-70. SVD-2 Collab.: Belarus, Czech Republic, Russia, Slovak Republic, Ukraine project “THERMALIZATION” SVD-2 setup V.V.Avdeichikov et al. JINR-P1-2004-190, Proposal ”THERMALIZATION”. Micro strip VD, 10000 channels. Drift tubes tracker, 2400 channels Magnetic spectrometer DeGa Č target ISMD 2007, LBNL Berkeley, August, 4-9 10 m

26. 26 Liquid hydrogen target Trigger scintillation hodoscope (“camomile”) for the registration of rare events with HM: 20 elements: triangle h=18, thickness 1.8 mm Project “THERMALIZATION ISMD 2007, LBNL Berkeley, August, 4-9

27. 27 project “THERMALIZATION” project “THERMALIZATION” Search for & new collective phenomena study: 1. 1. BEC of identical particles. 2. 2. Ring events (Cerenkov gluon). 3. 3. Soft photon cross section. 4. 4. Grouping of secondary. ISMD 2007, LBNL Berkeley, August, 4-9

28. 28 project “THERMALIZATION” project “THERMALIZATION” 1) M.I.Gorenstein & V.V.Begun, BITP, Ukraine [hep-ph/0611043]: at HM the experimental manifestation of BEC may be founded by the sharp increase of neutral meson multiplicity fluctuations at fixed total multiplicity. ISMD 2007, LBNL Berkeley, August, 4-9

29. 29 project “THERMALIZATION” project “THERMALIZATION” 2) RUN 2002: Ring event search [Seminar NPCS,Minsk,2006]. 4) RUN 2002: the indication to the grouping of secondary in the certain direction [Hep-ph/0612364] Preliminary ISMD 2007, LBNL Berkeley, August, 4-9

30. 30 project “THERMALIZATION” project “THERMALIZATION” MD in pC, pSi and pPb RUN 2002 pC pSipPb ISMD 2007, LBNL Berkeley, August, 4-9

31. 31 project “THERMALIZATION” project “THERMALIZATION” Alignment task Alignment task of detectors is an essential step in the track reconstruction: before after 2006 data ISMD 2007, LBNL Berkeley, August, 4-9

32. 32 project “THERMALIZATION” project “THERMALIZATION” Z, mm X, mm Y, mm ISMD 2007, LBNL Berkeley, August, 4-9

33. 33 “THERMALIZATION” “THERMALIZATION” n=22 ISMD 2007, LBNL Berkeley, August, 4-9

34. 34 “THERMALIZATION” “THERMALIZATION” Multiplicity distributions for X and Y planes (n_beam<5) Integrated MD for X, Y planes Preliminary ISMD 2007, LBNL Berkeley, August, 4-9

35. 35 Data pA (Si,C, Pb) 2002 run will be study A set of pp data in 2007-2009 runs will be obtained. We expect interest phenomena in the HM region will be got. Outlook Outlook ISMD 2007, LBNL Berkeley, August, 4-9