1. EECS 110: Lec 8: Lists of Lists Aleksandar Kuzmanovic Northwestern University http://cs.northwestern.edu/~akuzma/classes/EECS110-s09/

2. Hw #3 due Sunday… hw3pr1.py EECS 110 today 'Krphzrun 3, Sureohp 3: Wkh Fhdvdu Flskhu' hw3pr2.py Computing with language Computing with images hw3pr3.py

3. Lights On! http://www.whitman.edu/mathematics/lights_out/

4. Comprehending List Comprehensions def runGenerations( L ): """ runGenerations keeps running evolve... """ print L # display the list, L time.sleep(0.5) # pause a bit newL = evolve( L ) # evolve L into newL runGenerations( newL ) # recurse def evolve( L ): """ evolve takes in a list of integers, L, and returns a new list of integers considered to be the "next generation" """ N = len(L) # N now holds the size of the list L return [ setNewElement( L, i ) for i in range(N) ] def setNewElement( L, i, x=0 ): """ setNewElement returns the NEW list's ith element input L: any list of integers input i: the index of the new element to return input x: an extra, optional input for future use """ return L[i] + 1

5. Comprehending List Comprehensions def evolve( L ): """ evolve takes in a list of integers, L, and returns a new list of integers considered to be the "next generation" """ N = len(L) # N now holds the size of the list L return [ setNewElement( L, i ) for i in range(N) ] def setNewElement( L, i, x=0 ): """ setNewElement returns the NEW list's ith element input L: any list of integers input i: the index of the new element to return input x: an extra, optional input for future use """ return L[i] + 1 L >>> L = [42, 43, 44, 45, 46] >>> evolve(L) 012345 424344454647 N5 (i.e., len(L))

6. Comprehending List Comprehensions def evolve( L ): """ evolve takes in a list of integers, L, and returns a new list of integers considered to be the "next generation" """ N = len(L) # N now holds the size of the list L return [ setNewElement( L, i ) for i in range(N) ] def setNewElement( L, i, x=0 ): """ setNewElement returns the NEW list's ith element input L: any list of integers input i: the index of the new element to return input x: an extra, optional input for future use """ return L[i] + 1 L >>> L = [42, 43, 44, 45, 46] >>> evolve(L) 01234 N5 (i.e., len(L)) [ setNewElement( L, i ) for i in range(5) ] [0, 1, 2, 3, 4] [42, 43, 44, 45, 46] [,,,, ] 01234i

7. Comprehending List Comprehensions def evolve( L ): """ evolve takes in a list of integers, L, and returns a new list of integers considered to be the "next generation" """ N = len(L) # N now holds the size of the list L return [ setNewElement( L, i ) for i in range(N) ] def setNewElement( L, i, x=0 ): """ setNewElement returns the NEW list's ith element input L: any list of integers input i: the index of the new element to return input x: an extra, optional input for future use """ return L[i] + 1 >>> L = [[42, 43], [44, 45]] >>> evolve(L) [[43, 44], [45, 46]] [ setNewElement( L, i ) for i in range(2) ] L 01 N2 (i.e., len(L)) [[42, 43], [44, 45]] What is i ? What is L[i] ?

8. Comprehending List Comprehensions def evolve( L ): """ evolve takes in a list of integers, L, and returns a new list of integers considered to be the "next generation" """ N = len(L) # N now holds the size of the list L return [ setNewElement( L, i ) for i in range(N) ] def setNewElement( L, i, x=0 ): """ setNewElement returns the NEW list's ith element input L: any list of integers input i: the index of the new element to return input x: an extra, optional input for future use """ return L[i] + 1 >>> L = [[42, 43], [44, 45]] >>> evolve(L) [[43, 44], [45, 46]] [ setNewElement( L, i ) for i in range(2) ] L 01 N2 (i.e., len(L)) [[42, 43], [44, 45]] What is i ? What is L[i] ? Going deeper

9. Comprehending List Comprehensions [ L[j][0] for j in range(2) ] L [[42, 43], [44, 45]] [ [L[0][i]] for i in range(2) ] [ [ L[j][i]+1 for i in range(2) ] for j in range(2) ]

10. Comprehending List Comprehensions L [[42, 43], [44, 45]] [ setNewElement2d( L, i, j ) for i in range(2) ] for j in range(2) ] def setNewElement2d( L, i, j, x=0, y=0 ): """ setNewElement returns the NEW list's ith element input L: any list of integers input i: the index of the new element to return input x: an extra, optional input for future use """ return L[j][i] + 1

11. Representing Pictures

12. Digital representations of pictures Grid of Pixels—each Pixel has a color But how is color represented?

13. RGB Model for Representing Color Most popular, but not only one Each pixel represented in three parts (100, 0, 0) R G B

14. Color “levels” Each color component or “channel” is represented with a single byte –1 byte = 8 bits; which can represent numbers from 0 to 255 (2^8 – 1) –Each RGB value is between 0 and 255 –Examples… http://www.colorschemer.com/online.html http://www.colorschemer.com/online.html http://www.drpeterjones.com/colorcalc/ (255, 255, 255): white (150, 150, 150): gray

15. Brightening a Picture def modify(pic): """ modify modifies an image to make it brighter """ pixels = getPixels(pic) if len(pixels) == 0: return newPixels = [ [setNewPixel( pixels, row, col ) for col in range(len(pixels[0]))] for row in range(len(pixels))] setPixels(pic, newPixels) def setNewPixel( pixels, row, col ): """ setNewPixel returns the NEW imanges (row, col) (r,g,b) value input pixels: a 2D list containing RGB information in the pixels in a picture input row: the row of the pixel in question input col: the column of the pixel in question """ rval= min(pixels[row][col][0]+30, 255) gval = min(pixels[row][col][1]+30, 255) bval = min(pixels[row][col][2]+30, 255) return (rval, gval, bval)

16. Representing the Pixels in a Picture pixels: [ [(3, 10, 100), (3, 11, 110)], [(3, 10, 200), (10, 110, 290)] ] Width: len(pixels[0]) Height: len(pixels) 2x2 pixel image

17. Tuples vs. Lists [ [(3, 10, 100), (3, 11, 110)], [(3, 10, 200), (10, 110, 290)] ] Tuples use ( ); lists use [ ] But otherwise, they are the same… (for now, almost) >>> t = (1, 2, 3) >>> t[1] 2 >>> t[1:] (2, 3) >>> (x, y, z) = t >>> x 1 >>> y 2

18. def modify(pic): """ modify modifies an image to make it brighter """ pixels = getPixels(pic) if len(pixels) == 0: return newPixels = [ [setNewPixel( pixels, row, col ) for col in range(len(pixels[0]))] for row in range(len(pixels))] setPixels(pic, newPixels) def setNewPixel( pixels, row, col ): """ setNewPixel returns the NEW imanges (row, col) (r,g,b) value input pixels: a 2D list containing RGB information in the pixels in a picture input row: the row of the pixel in question input col: the column of the pixel in question """ rval= min(pixels[row][col][0]+30, 255) gval = min(pixels[row][col][1]+30, 255) bval = min(pixels[row][col][2]+30, 255) return (rval, gval, bval) Brightening a Picture

19. "Quiz“ Want more? How would you turn only the sky red? Name(s): It's all clear to me now! Write a function that tints the top half of the picture red (how red is up to you): def setNewPixel( pixels, row, col ): """ setNewPixel returns the NEW image's (row, col) (r,g,b) value """ Write a function that copies the top half of an image to the bottom half. def setNewPixel( pixels, row, col ): """ setNewPixel returns the NEW image's (row, col) (r,g,b) value """

20. "Quiz“ Want more? How would you turn only the sky red? Name(s): It's all clear to me now! Write a function that tints the top half of the picture red (how red is up to you): def setNewPixel( pixels, row, col ): """ setNewPixel returns the NEW image's (row, col) (r,g,b) value """ if row <= len(pixels)/2: rval = min(pixels[row][col][0]+75,255) else: rval = pixels[row][col][0] return (rval, pixels[row][col][1], pixels[row][col][2]) Write a function that copies the top half of an image to the bottom half. def setNewPixel( pixels, row, col ): """ setNewPixel returns the NEW image's (row, col) (r,g,b) value """

21. "Quiz“ Want more? How would you turn only the sky red? Name(s): It's all clear to me now! Write a function that tints the top half of the picture red (how red is up to you): def setNewPixel( pixels, row, col ): """ setNewPixel returns the NEW image's (row, col) (r,g,b) value """ if row <= len(pixels)/2: rval = min(pixels[row][col][0]+75,255) else: rval = pixels[row][col][0] return (rval, pixels[row][col][1], pixels[row][col][2]) Write a function that copies the top half of an image to the bottom half. def setNewPixel( pixels, row, col ): """ setNewPixel returns the NEW image's (row, col) (r,g,b) value """ if row > len(pixels)/2: return pixels[row-len(pixels)/2][col] else: return pixels[row][col]

22. … Caesar Cipher: encipher encipher( 'gv vw dtwvg', 0 ) encipher( 'gv vw dtwvg', 1 ) encipher( 'gv vw dtwvg', 2 ) encipher( 'gv vw dtwvg', 3 ) encipher( 'gv vw dtwvg', 4 ) encipher( 'gv vw dtwvg', 5 ) encipher( 'gv vw dtwvg', 25 ) returns 'gv vw dtwvg' 'hw wx euxwh' 'ix xy fvyxi' 'jy yz gwzyj' 'kz za hxazk' 'la ab iybal' 'fu uv csvuf' encipher( S, n ) should return the string s with each alphabetic character shifted/wrapped by n places in the alphabet

23. How Strings are Represented and Stored? ASCII is a table that tells the computer how to represent characters as bits! 8 bits = 1 byte The SAME bits represent integers, if the variable has type int instead of str American Standard Code for Information Interchange type: str type: int 00101010 bits name: value: '*' 42 Identical bits are stored in each variable! The types determine how to interpret the bits; the names don't matter at all…

24. ASCII ASCII is a table that tells the computer how to represent characters as #s American Standard Code for Information Interchange chr ord convert to number convert to char.

25. chr and ord chr( n ) ord( c ) Input: an integer in range(255) Input: a string of one character, c abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ ASCII VALUES Output: a one-char. string of that ASCII value Output: an integer, the ASCII value of c CONVERTERS 97122 6590 99101103105107109111113115117119 6769717375777981838785 [ [i,chr(i)] for i in range(128) ] [ ord(i) for i in '**** CS! ****' ] try these!

26. chr and ord chr(66) is ? ord('a') is ? abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz 97122 65 ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ 90 ASCII VALUES What is chr( ord('i')+13 ) ? What is chr( ord('P')+13 ) ? 99101103105107109111113115117119 6769717375777981838785

27. chr and ord chr(66) is ? ord('a') is 97 abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz 97122 65 ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ 90 ASCII VALUES What is chr( ord('i')+13 ) ? What is chr( ord('P')+13 ) ? 99101103105107109111113115117119 6769717375777981838785

28. chr and ord chr(66) is 'B' ord('a') is 97 abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz 97122 65 ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ 90 ASCII VALUES What is chr( ord('i')+13 ) ? What is chr( ord('P')+13 ) ? 99101103105107109111113115117119 6769717375777981838785

29. chr and ord chr(66) is 'B' ord('a') is 97 abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz 97122 65 ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ 90 ASCII VALUES What is chr( ord('i')+13 )'v' What is chr( ord('P')+13 ) ? 99101103105107109111113115117119 6769717375777981838785

30. chr and ord chr(66) is 'B' ord('a') is 97 abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz 97122 65 ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ 90 ASCII VALUES What is chr( ord('i')+13 )'v' What is chr( ord('P')+13 ) ']' How can we wrap this around? 99101103105107109111113115117119 6769717375777981838785

31. Rot 13 def adv13( c ): """ rotates c by 13 chars, "wrapping" as needed NON-LETTERS DO NOT CHANGE! """ if 'a' <= c <= 'z': neword = ord(c) + 13 if neword <= ord('z'): return chr(neword) # no wrapping else: return elif else: How would you rotate an entire string?

32. Rot 13 def adv13( c ): """ rotates c by 13 chars, "wrapping" as needed NON-LETTERS DO NOT CHANGE! """ if 'a' <= c <= 'z': neword = ord(c) + 13 if neword <= ord('z'): return chr(neword) # no wrapping else: return chr(ord('a')+neword-ord('z')-1) elif else: How would you rotate an entire string?

33. Rot 13 def adv13( c ): """ rotates c by 13 chars, "wrapping" as needed NON-LETTERS DO NOT CHANGE! """ if 'a' <= c <= 'z': neword = ord(c) + 13 if neword <= ord('z'): return chr(neword) # no wrapping else: return chr(ord('a')+neword-ord('z')-1) elif 'A' <= c <= 'Z': # same as above, only use 'A' and 'Z' else: return c How would you rotate an entire string?

34. Caesar Cipher: decipher >>> decipher('Bzdrzq bhogdq? H oqdedq Bzdrzq rzkzc.') 'Caesar cipher? I prefer Caesar salad.' >>> decipher('Hu lkbjhapvu pz doha ylthpuz hmaly dl mvynla '\ 'lclyfaopun dl ohcl slhyulk.') 'An education is what remains after we forget everything we have learned.' But how ? >>> decipher('Uifz xpsl ju pvu xjui b qfodjm!') >>> decipher('gv vw dtwvg')

35. Caesar Cipher: decipher >>> decipher('gv vw dtwvg') CaesarBrutus Strategy using max : (1) consider all possible answers (2) give them each a score (3) use our techniques to get max gv vw dtwvg hw wx euxwh ix xy fvyxi jy yz gwzyj kz za hxazk la ab iybal mb bc jzcbm nc cd kadcn od de lbedo pe ef mcfep qf fg ndgfq rg gh oehgr sh hi pfihs ti ij qgjit uj jk rhkju vk kl silkv wl lm tjmlw xm mn uknmx yn no vlony zo op wmpoz ap pq xnqpa bq qr yorqb cr rs zpsrc ds st aqtsd et tu brute fu uv csvuf all 26 possibilities Score for "Englishness"? up to you…

36. Caesar Cipher: decipher >>> decipher('gv vw dtwvg') 'od de lbedo' CaesarBrutus Strategy using max : (1) consider all possible answers (2) give them each a score (3) use our techniques with max [0, 'cr rs zpsrc'] [0, 'gv vw dtwvg'] [0, 'jy yz gwzyj'] [0, 'mb bc jzcbm'] [0, 'qf fg ndgfq'] [0, 'wl lm tjmlw'] [1, 'bq qr yorqb'] [1, 'ds st aqtsd'] [1, 'nc cd kadcn'] [1, 'vk kl silkv'] [1, 'xm mn uknmx'] [2, 'ap pq xnqpa'] [2, 'hw wx euxwh'] [2, 'ix xy fvyxi'] [2, 'kz za hxazk'] [2, 'rg gh oehgr'] [2, 'sh hi pfihs'] [2, 'uj jk rhkju'] [2, 'yn no vlony'] [3, 'fu uv csvuf'] [3, 'pe ef mcfep'] [3, 'ti ij qgjit'] [3, 'zo op wmpoz'] [4, 'et tu brute'] [4, 'la ab iybal'] [4, 'od de lbedo'] all 26 possibilities won't always be correct! number-of-vowels score

37. Caesar Cipher: decipher >>> decipher('gv vw dtwvg') 'et tu brute' CaesarBrutus Strategy using max : (1) consider all possible answers (2) give them each a score (3) use our techniques with max [0.4680, 'jy yz gwzyj'] [0.4960, 'mb bc jzcbm'] [0.5420, 'uj jk rhkju'] [0.5567, 'ix xy fvyxi'] [0.5597, 'qf fg ndgfq'] [0.5718, 'fu uv csvuf'] [0.5753, 'bq qr yorqb'] [0.5833, 'kz za hxazk'] [0.5859, 'xm mn uknmx'] [0.5880, 'gv vw dtwvg'] [0.5902, 'vk kl silkv'] [0.6110, 'ap pq xnqpa'] [0.6304, 'zo op wmpoz'] [0.6318, 'wl lm tjmlw'] [0.6717, 'cr rs zpsrc'] [0.6735, 'hw wx euxwh'] [0.6963, 'nc cd kadcn'] [0.7153, 'ti ij qgjit'] [0.7398, 'la ab iybal'] [0.7442, 'yn no vlony'] [0.7867, 'pe ef mcfep'] [0.7880, 'sh hi pfihs'] [0.7918, 'rg gh oehgr'] [0.8213, 'ds st aqtsd'] [0.8609, 'od de lbedo'] [0.9082, 'et tu brute'] all 26 possibilities letter- probability score not always correct, but better!

38. 'Weet bksa ed Xecumeha 3!'