1. Making Connections: Canada’s Geography, Second Edition, Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Canada. Permission to reproduce this image is restricted to purchasing schools. Demography: It’s All About People

2. Making Connections: Canada’s Geography, Second Edition, Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Canada. Permission to reproduce this image is restricted to purchasing schools. Demography is the study of populations. It helps answer questions such as Why are more schools closing than opening? Why will you likely have to work more years than your parents before retiring? Why are old rock-and-roll groups, such as the Rolling Stones, still so popular?

3. Making Connections: Canada’s Geography, Second Edition, Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Canada. Permission to reproduce this image is restricted to purchasing schools. This chapter shows you how to compare the populations of different countries how to examine changes in population structure how to measure population change

4. Making Connections: Canada’s Geography, Second Edition, Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Canada. Permission to reproduce this image is restricted to purchasing schools. World Population Growth Since 1 CE

5. Making Connections: Canada’s Geography, Second Edition, Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Canada. Permission to reproduce this image is restricted to purchasing schools. How do we compare countries that have populations of different sizes? Use RATES not NUMBERS!

6. Making Connections: Canada’s Geography, Second Edition, Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Canada. Permission to reproduce this image is restricted to purchasing schools. Look at the number of births for these three countries. Canada: 330 000 babies born in 2010 Russia: 1 458 000 babies born in 2010 Togo: 191 000 babies born in 2010

7. Making Connections: Canada’s Geography, Second Edition, Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Canada. Permission to reproduce this image is restricted to purchasing schools. To calculate each country’s birth rate, divide the number of births in one year by the population, and multiply the result by 1000. The answers are…

8. Making Connections: Canada’s Geography, Second Edition, Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Canada. Permission to reproduce this image is restricted to purchasing schools. Canada (330 000/33 407 000)  1000 = 10 Russia (1 458 000/144 526 000)  1000 = 10 Togo (191 000/5 429 000)  1000 = 35 Birth Rate

9. Making Connections: Canada’s Geography, Second Edition, Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Canada. Permission to reproduce this image is restricted to purchasing schools. In a similar fashion, rates can be calculated for number of deaths number of immigrants number of emigrants

10. Making Connections: Canada’s Geography, Second Edition, Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Canada. Permission to reproduce this image is restricted to purchasing schools. Rates can also be combined in the following manner: natural increase rate = birth rate – death rate net migration rate = immigration rate – emigration rate

11. Making Connections: Canada’s Geography, Second Edition, Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Canada. Permission to reproduce this image is restricted to purchasing schools. Population Growth Rate A country’s population growth rate = natural increase rate + net migration rate.

12. Making Connections: Canada’s Geography, Second Edition, Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Canada. Permission to reproduce this image is restricted to purchasing schools. Canada’s Population Growth Rate

13. Making Connections: Canada’s Geography, Second Edition, Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Canada. Permission to reproduce this image is restricted to purchasing schools. Canada Birth Rate : 10.5 or 1% Death Rate: 8 or 0.8% Net Migration Rate : 5.63 or 0.56% Natural Increase = 10.5- 8 = 2.5 or 0.25% 2.5+5.63 = 8.18 or 0.8% Population Growth Rate

14. Making Connections: Canada’s Geography, Second Edition, Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Canada. Permission to reproduce this image is restricted to purchasing schools. The rate at which a country’s population grows or declines has an enormous influence on people’s lives. Why do you think this is so?

15. Making Connections: Canada’s Geography, Second Edition, Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Canada. Permission to reproduce this image is restricted to purchasing schools. The rate at which a country’s population grows or declines has an enormous influence on people’s lives. Why do you think this is so?

16. Making Connections: Canada’s Geography, Second Edition, Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Canada. Permission to reproduce this image is restricted to purchasing schools. These population growth rates may not seem very different: Canada0.8% Russia– 0.4% Togo2.4% But we need to consider the impact of “compounding.” Comparing Population Growth Rates

17. Making Connections: Canada’s Geography, Second Edition, Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Canada. Permission to reproduce this image is restricted to purchasing schools. To help pay for your future education costs, your parents offer you two choices. For 30 days, you can receive one of the following: Which one would you chose: Fig. A or Fig. B? The Power of Compounding »Fig. B 1 cent + 2 cents + 4 cents + 8 cents … »Fig. A $1000 + $1000 + $1000 + $1000 …

18. Making Connections: Canada’s Geography, Second Edition, Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Canada. Permission to reproduce this image is restricted to purchasing schools. If you selected Fig. B, you would have a lot more money for your education. Why? Because growth occurs on top of the growth that has already taken place. »Fig. B $10 737 418.23 »Fig. A $30 000

19. Making Connections: Canada’s Geography, Second Edition, Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Canada. Permission to reproduce this image is restricted to purchasing schools. Here is the impact of compounding on the populations of Canada, Russia, and Togo for the next 100 years.

20. Making Connections: Canada’s Geography, Second Edition, Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Canada. Permission to reproduce this image is restricted to purchasing schools. Doubling time is the time it takes a population to double at its current growth rate. You could calculate doubling time with fancy mathematics. Or, you could estimate the time by… Doubling Time

21. Making Connections: Canada’s Geography, Second Edition, Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Canada. Permission to reproduce this image is restricted to purchasing schools. …using the Rule of 70, which states that doubling time = 70 divided by the population growth rate. Canada’s population growth rate is 0.8%. –Therefore, Canada’s doubling time is approximately 87 years (70/0.8).

22. Making Connections: Canada’s Geography, Second Edition, Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Canada. Permission to reproduce this image is restricted to purchasing schools. Canada’s doubling time is 87 years. Togo’s doubling time is 30 years (70/2.4). Which country can more easily deal with its population growth? Explain.

23. Making Connections: Canada’s Geography, Second Edition, Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Canada. Permission to reproduce this image is restricted to purchasing schools. It is easier and faster to understand population structure if the data are graphed. Two bar graphs are constructed. The first one looks like this. Population Pyramids

24. Making Connections: Canada’s Geography, Second Edition, Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Canada. Permission to reproduce this image is restricted to purchasing schools. The second bar graph looks like this.

25. Making Connections: Canada’s Geography, Second Edition, Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Canada. Permission to reproduce this image is restricted to purchasing schools. Combine the two sets of bar graphs to create a population pyramid that shows the age/gender breakdown of a country’s population.

26. Making Connections: Canada’s Geography, Second Edition, Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Canada. Permission to reproduce this image is restricted to purchasing schools. The dependency load is the part of the population that needs to be supported. It is made up of two components: the 0–14 age groups and the 65+ age groups. Dependency Load

27. Making Connections: Canada’s Geography, Second Edition, Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Canada. Permission to reproduce this image is restricted to purchasing schools. What has happened to the dependency load between 1956 and 2004? What is the significance of this change?

28. Making Connections: Canada’s Geography, Second Edition, Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Canada. Permission to reproduce this image is restricted to purchasing schools. Populations within countries change over time in a predictable manner. Stages of Population Change

29. Making Connections: Canada’s Geography, Second Edition, Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Canada. Permission to reproduce this image is restricted to purchasing schools. Have a close look at the Stages of Population Change diagram. What is happening at each stage? Why is it happening?