1. Using Models Chapter 2-3

2. What is a model  Simplified representations of reality play a crucial role in economics.

3. Models in Economics A model is a simplified representation of a real situation that is used to better understand real-life situations.  Create a real but simplified economy  Simulate an economy on a computer

4. Ceteris Paribus Economist make many assumptions as they create these models. The “other things equal” assumption means that all other relevant factors remain unchanged.

5. Using Models Positive economics is the branch of economic analysis that describes the way the economy actually works. Normative economics makes prescriptions about the way the economy should work. A forecast is a simple prediction of the future.

6. Positive vs.. Normative Facts and forecasts Usually debate is based on accuracy of data The question of how it should be Usually debate is based on perspective of fairness

7. Using Models Economists can determine correct answers for positive questions, but typically not for normative questions, which involve value judgments. The exceptions are when policies designed to achieve a certain prescription can be clearly ranked in terms of efficiency. It is important to understand that economists don’t use complex models to show “how clever they are,” but rather because they are “not clever enough” to analyze the real world as it is.

8. When and Why Economists Disagree There are two main reasons economists disagree:  They may disagree about which simplifications to make in a model.  They may disagree about values.

9. Simplifying Assumptions making life complicated Since economist rely heavily on modeling Which are simplified representations of reality Economist argue about which simplifications are appropriate.

10. Simplifying assumptions Since they use different models with different assumptions they end up with different conclusions.

11. Values can differ Different people (economist are people too) bring their values with them to any analysis Tax example in the book

12. Finally Economics is a method NOT a set of conclusions!