1. Latin American Independence

2. Napoleon: Europe Aflame A. Mixing of ideology and France’s drive for European Hegemony B. Napoleon’s invasion of the Iberian Peninsular 1) 1805 -- Trafalgar Defeat convinced Spanish to explore alliance with England. But, Spain reconsidered as Napoleon did better on continent 2) 1806 – Napoleon decided to unseat both Bourbons in Spain and Braganzas in Portugal 3) 1807 – Arrived in Portugal but missed court 4) 1808 – took Charles IV and Ferdinand VII (son) into custody C. Spanish America’s Striking out for liberty initially directed against Napoleon, not the King

3. Mexico’s War of Independence A. Loyalists to Spanish king have upper hand initially B. Padre Hidalgo’s Revolt in 1810 C. Loyalists regain upper hand D. Augustin Iturbide’s short lived empire (Augustin) E. Instability

4. Spanish South America Simon Bolivar in the North Venezuela Colombia Ecuador San Martin in the South Argentina Chile Peru Rivalry leads to delay in Peruvian independence Battle of Ayacucho (9 December, 1824) Jose Antonio Sucre defeats Spanish Infighting in Rio de la Plata leads to European exile for San Martin Bolivar commands the stage in Northern South America

5. Simon Bolivar & Gran Colombia 1825-26 - Bolivar attempts to develop a powerful state comprised of present-day Venezuela, Colombia & Ecuador Breakup of Gran Colombia Satander in Colombia Paez in Caracas May 8, 1830, Bolivar died. September --- Ecuador / Venezuela leave Gran Colombia 19 th Century – Northern South America in chaos

6. Brazilian Independence Flight to Brazil 1807 --- French march on Lisbon British advise Joao to migrate to Brazil In return for generous commercial privileges --- British agreed to transport royal family to Brazil Braganzas --- only European royal family to rule an empire from on of colonies --- only European monarchs to set foot on their American domains Arrived in Rio de Janeiro (January 1808)

7. Life in Rio de Janeiro Changes Population 60,000 in 1808 24,000 Portugues eventually migrated Institutions of learning established? French culture – fine arts First Newspapers Royal government institutions established

8. Economic Changes Mercantilistic laws and regulations modified Trade changes immediately 1808 --- 90 foreign ships in Rio 1815 --217 1824 --354

9. Centralization of Power in Rio Proved powerful force for unification of Brazil 1. 1815 --- Joao made Brazil a Kingdom --- in theory equal to Portugal 2. Brazilian pride and national consciousness heightened

10. Political Separation 1821 Joao bid farewell to Rio 1. In Lisbon the liberals had brought Cortes into session 2. Prince Pedro – took up duties of regent 3. Portuguese Cortes (parliament) attempts to reduce status of Brazil

11. Independence Early 1822 --- Cortes ordered Pedro to return home Under Masonic auspices --- petition circulated asking Pedro to remain Rio --- Sao Paulo – Minas Gerias in alliance against Cortes Commander of Portuguese garrison forced to embark for Lisbon Sept. 7, 1822 --- Cortes sent letter saying Pedro’s power reduced  Pedro --- “Independence or Death”