1. Precomputation- based Prefetching By James Schatz and Bashar Gharaibeh

2. Outline Introduction Implementations of Precomputation Some Examples of Precomputation Results of Precomputation Tests Summary

3. Introduction Why Precomputation? Designed to improve single thread performance on a multithread system Utilizes idle hardware to improve cache hit rates Useful in programs with unpredictable access patterns

4. Precomputation Allows programs to run faster What are the key causes of delay? Waiting for input values Waiting for memory Poor speculation

5. Solving the Delay Issue Since most programs are slowed by waiting for data, prefetching this data would speed execution

6. Problems with Prefetching Small instruction window Needs to predict branches Has limited resources on hand Does not solve the problems of pointer chains

7. Solution Expand the instruction window! Normally done by increasing instruction-level parallelism (ILP) Increasing ILP means increasing the sizes of hardware structures, such as register size, issue queues, and the reorder buffer This is not an ideal solution for people working with a fixed structure size, so another solution is necessary

8. Precomputation Solution The instruction window can be expanded by executing instructions in a separate thread of execution that can assist the main thread by testing for cache data and evaluating branches before the main thread Since this data is executed before it normally would be, it is referred to as being "precomputed"

9. Adding Precomputation to your CPU How can precomputation be included? Different methods for multiple thread use Secondary thread is run ahead of the main thread, and software controlled When the main thread stalls on an instruction, execute secondary thread. This method is hardware controlled A mixture of hardware and software control Each method has certain advantages

10. Implementation of the Design Software Controlled Precomputation Hardware Controlled Precomputation

11. Software-Controlled Precomputation

12. The Basics Allows compiler to initiate helper threads into code that is likely to incur cache misses Launches precomputation threads based on the programmer's knowledge, cache miss profiling, and compiler locality analysis

13. Running the Threads When the code calls for a precomputation thread to be made, check for idle hardware If no hardware is idle, drop the request Otherwise, start a precomputation thread at the given PC

14. Applications of Software Precomputation Analysis of programs with irregular access patterns that are typically difficult for prefetching Usually involving pointers, hash tables, indirect array references

15. Fixing pointer chains A big problem with prefetching is that of pointer chains A pointer chain is a where the address of the next node is not known until after the current load finishes Single pointers can be resolved by using jump-pointer prefetching Jump-pointers become too complex to resolve multiple chains Running a helper thread for each chain allows multi-chains to be resolved quickly

16. Using Precomputation on a linked- list A single thread is used due to their being a sufficient number of nodes present to use precomputation to mask latency

18. More complicated uses for precomputation Hashing is the most difficult challenge to prefetching for two reasons: Good hash algorithms are fairly random, so regular prefetching is hard Good hash algorithms us short chains, so jump- pointer prefetching will not work Precomputation allows for N hash functions to run at the same time, reducing memory stall

20. Support for software based precomputation In order to utilize software based precomputation, it is necessary to implement a few new instructions for the existing processor Thread_ID = PreExecute_Start(Start_PC, Max_Insts): Request for and idle context to start pre-execution at Start_PC and stop when Max_insts instructions have been executed: Thread_ID holds either the identity of the pre-execution thread or -1 if there is no idle context. This instruction has effect only if it is executed by the main thread PreExecute_Stop(): The thread that executes this instruction will be self terminated if it a pre-execution thread; no effect otherwise. PreExecute_Cancel(Thread_ID): Terminate the pre-execution thread with Thread_ID. This instruction has effect only if it is executed by the main thread.

21. Hardware-Controlled Precomputation

22. The Basics Allocates a set portion of available registers to precomputation threads Runs secondary helper thread when the primary thread is stalled

23. Integration in Hardware In order to execute the secondary (future) thread, additional structures are needed within the hardware These are the future IFQ, future rename table, and Preg status table The processor must also have a PC for both threads, both initially being the same

25. Updating the Hardware at Runtime The future IFQ is loaded with instructions fetched by the future thread The future rename table receives a copy of each instruction that is mapped into the primary rename table For each instruction dispatched by the future thread, an entry is added to the Preg status table, which keeps track of the registers assigned to the future thread Other fields in the Preg table indicate whether or not the register is able to be reused by the future thread

26. Importance of Register Reuse By allowing the future thread to timeout and reuse registers, it is possible to run the future thread more efficiently With the timeout protocols, it is also possible to allocate resources from the future thread to the primary thread to ensure the priority of the primary thread

27. Resuming Activity in the Primary Thread It would be wasteful to run the same instructions twice if the data is still available, so many hardware based precomputation schemes allow for the passing of data from the Preg status table and future rename table If an instruction exists in the tables, and has the appropriate sequence numbers, it is allocated to the primary thread and removed from the future thread tables

28. Recovering from Branch Mispredictions Once it begins execution, only the future thread accesses the branch predictor. Instead of its normal operation, the branch predictor gives its information to the future thread, which then conveys information via a FIFO queue. These predictions are updated by the future thread when they are resolved, so that the primary thread does not have to go along the mispredicted path. On detecting a misprediction, the future thread checkpoints back to the state of the misprediction. This check point rolls back to the sequence number of the mapping, not the mapping itself. Anything after this checkpoint can be overwritten, and is flagged as such Given the opportunistic nature of the future thread, it misprediction penalty does not play a major role in its performance

29. Results of Precomputation Tests

32. Summary Utilizes secondary threads to improve speed Can run as hardware or software based Generally runs programs more than 25% faster than normal execution