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1 The Search for Self Reliance A presentation at ADMINISTRATIVE STAFF COLLEGE, Hyderabad 20 September 2005 India’s Energy Future T L Sankar ADMINISTRATIVE.

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Presentation on theme: "1 The Search for Self Reliance A presentation at ADMINISTRATIVE STAFF COLLEGE, Hyderabad 20 September 2005 India’s Energy Future T L Sankar ADMINISTRATIVE."— Presentation transcript:

1 1 The Search for Self Reliance A presentation at ADMINISTRATIVE STAFF COLLEGE, Hyderabad 20 September 2005 India’s Energy Future T L Sankar ADMINISTRATIVE STAFF COLLEGE OF INDIA Bella Vista :: Hyderabad-500 082

2 2 Purpose of the Presentation Economic Growth calls for increase in supply of energy. While India has registered a commendable rate of economic growth in the recent past, this has been achieved with unsatisfactory supply of energy.The energy supply situation is causing anxiety. Many fear that India’s aspiration to achieve 8% per year GDP Growth in the next decade may be constrained by lack of energy supplies. This presentation seeks to probe ways in which India could meet its energy demand to support such a high rate of growth. India achieved, against several odds, self-reliance in food and foreign exchange. Can this be repeated in the case of Fuels?

3 3 Structure of the presentation Presentation will be in three parts: Part I would examine the long term energy needs of India in the next 25 years and what strategic choice alternatives are available. Part II would deal with our current concerns- Action To-day to realize the chosen future. Part III my vision –a personal statement.

4 4 GDP Growth – Story so far From the dawn of independence, India registered a slow but steady rate of growth of GDP of only 2 to 3 % per year,criticized as the “Hindu-rate” of growth.In the early eighties with some changes in the economic management the growth rate increased to a norm level of 5 to 6%. India is reaching out to a 8% GDP growth in the new millennium.

5 5 India – Green Revolution India was among the most successful countries in ushering in the Green Revolution. Food grain production almost doubled from 72 MT in 1965-66 to 129 MT in 1978-79 during the green revolution. Today the production is close to 212 MT. Whenever faced with a Challenge, India bounced back stronger and self reliant. From a food starved country in 1967, India became self sufficient in food- grain by the early eighties.

6 6 India – Forex Reserves With less than $ 2 Billion forex reserves in 1991, the reserves have leapfrogged to nearly $130 Billion due to a series of economic reforms and continued focus on economic development After Green Revolution, India proved itself again – this time on the Forex Front Source : India Infoline -Economic Survey of India

7 7 Per Capita Energy Consumption Source : BP Statistical Review of World Energy 2004 In spite of this growth, the per capita energy consumption of India is far lower than that of the developed nations and some developing nations. Even to reach world average it has to increase five fold. With a population of over a billion, fast moving towards 1.5 billion, this would be a daunting task with some consequences for the world energy market. India’s approach towards self-reliance in energy could help India & also other countries

8 8 India – Energy Needs 1/2 Several forecasts of India’s energy needs have been attempted by different agencies. However, they have used data of different periods and the GDP growth rates and horizons of the forecast vary. For this presentation, using the latest data and based on long-term elasticity's, a new forecast has been attempted. TCPES =Total Primary Commercial Energy Supply. GDP = Gross Domestic Product at constant Factor cost. M Units = Million kWh of electricity mtoe = Metric Tonne Oil Equivalent. PERI0DTPCES Elasticity ELECTRICITY Elasticity 2004-05- 2014-15 0.800.95 2014-15- 2024-25 0.750.85 2024-25- 2029-30 0.700.78

9 9 India – Energy Needs 2/2 Based on Elasticities set out, demand for Total Primary Commercial Energy Supply (TPCES) and Electricity supply have been projected assuming, a GDP Growth of 8% and official population estimates. Year Population Mn Electricity Bwh 2004-051084341 680 2009-101169 465 981 2014-1512596341415 2019-2013568481966 2024-25146111352731 2029-30157314903700 A comparison of the rates of increase of supply of energy in the past with the rates required as per the forecast is set out in the table below : PeriodTPCESElectricity Generated (Utilities+non utilities) 1980-2003 (Actual) 5.1%6.9% 2004- 2019(Reqd.) 6.2%7.3% 2020-2030 (Reqd.) 5.8%6.6% The demand forecast suggest that the effort in supplying total primary energy consumption in the next decade would be about 1% higher than in the past it was around 5%. This will call for some concerted effort. TPCES

10 10 India – Specific Fuel Needs for Non Power uses The important commercial energy sources are Coal Oil,Gas and Electricity. Power is generated from primary sources namely, nuclear, hydro and renewable and as thermal electricity from fuel sources namely coal and natural gas.The demand for oil,gas and coal for non-power uses and production of electricity from primary sources are first estimated. The coal and natural gas requirements for power generation are added, to derive the total fuel needs including for power generation. Past Rates of Growth of fuel supply Year 1970-80 1980-90 1990-2003 Non-power-Coking Coal3.62%2.75%0 Non power-Non Coking coal1.96%2.34%2.04% Non Power Oil products 5.40%6.00%4.90% Based on these growth rates, and adjusting for a higher 8% GDP growth, the specific fuel needs for non power uses are projected. Non Power Gas 8.90%23.00%8.20%

11 11 Fuel Needs for Power generation The preferred source for power generation should be non-fuel sources - hydroelectric sources, nuclear wind, solar& other renewables. Production from non-fuel sources, however, is constrained by a few factors: Nuclear – Policy constraints, uranium availability, likely date of commercializing fast breeder reactors or thorium based cycles. Hydel – Adequate investigations, obtaining environmental clearance, making R&R arrangements Renewable – Snags in technology, high costs The following targets have been adopted by for this exercise: Nuclear cumulative capacity 25,000 MW by 2030. Hydel – 20% of total power generation by 2030. Renewable – 5% of total electricity generated by 2030. Non- Fuel based Power Generation Year Billion kWh. Renewable (5%) (d) Non ThermalThermal The fuel needs or forecast is done by first deriving the electricity likely from Non -fuel sources and then estimating the share of different fuels in power generation

12 12 Choice of Fuel for Power Generation- Relative Price & Availability Coal Oil & Gas could be used. At each Plant location the cost of fuel, capital-cost of the plant,availability and reliability determines the fuel choice. Oil has priced itself out.The real choice is between coal & gas. A coal-based power plant costs about Rs.4.2 crores/MW resulting in a Fixed cost of Rs.1.20 per Kwhr of electricity.Coal delivered to a power plant at 600 kms would cost Rs 1500/tonne leading to a fuel cost of Rs 1.05 per.Power cost =Rs.2.25/unit. * A gas based combined cycle plant would cost Rs.3.0 crores/mw resulting in Rs.0.95 per Kwhr. Even if the cost of gas delivered at the plant-gate is $4.00 per million btu, the foel cost would be Rs.1.40 which makes power cost Rs.2.35 >than coal based power. Further, imported gas price may be indexed to oil price,leading to uncertainty and volatility of future price.If on a later date Gas price rises very high,the variable cost of the plant might reduce the dispatch level. If Coal is available at Rs.1500/t,gas for power cannot be > $4.00/mmbtu.

13 13 India Projected Fuel Needs for power  Coal continues to be preferred fuel for power generation. There are additional factors in favour of coal Predictability of future prices is higher in coal than in gas. Long term fixed price contracts indexed to labour costs are possible in case of coal.  However, the recent shortages have led to a view that coal will not be available to support the power development fully. Natural Gas will be the alternative. Scenario – I Gas based generation would be as at present, 13% of total thermal generation and rest 87% will be from coal. YearTotal Thermal Electricity (BkWh) Coal based BkWh Gas based BkWh Coal Req. MMT Gas Req. BCM. 04-055004257529715 09-1071160510642421 14-15102186815360931 19-201409119821183943 24-2519411650291115558 29-3026002210390154778 Scenario-II Coal production will be constrained to a growth rate of 5% considered as easily achievable and the rest of power requirement would be using gas. To arrive at total fuel needs of India, two alternative scenarios are developed. YearTotal Thermal Electricity (BkWh) Coal based BkWh Gas based BkWh Coal Req. MMT Gas Req. BCM. 04-0550037013025926 09-1071149323833147 14-15102160941842284 19-201409769640538128 24-251941984957683191 29-30260012531347877269

14 14 Energy Demand Scenarios The total energy requirements both primary and secondary are summarized under the two scenarios. Essentially if India does not produce coal as required gas imports will have to substitute coal and this will increase the electricity price in both scenarios. Scenario-I Scenario-II YearCoal (MMT) Oil (MMT) Natural Gas (BCM) Total Electricity (BkWH) 2004-0540612736680 2009-1055415246981 2014-15764181611415 2019-201025216791966 2024-2513802591012731 2029-3018123091293700 YearCoal (MMT) Oil (MMT) Natural Gas (BCM) Total Electricity (BkWH) 2004-0536812747680 2009-1046115272981 2014-155781811141415 2019-207242161641966 2024-259092592342731 2029-3011423093203700 MMT = Million Tonnes BCM = Billion Cubic Meters BkWH= Billion Units of Electricity.

15 15 Energy Planning -Strategic Decision Scenarios are a tool for helping policy makers plan for the future – or rather for different possible futures. They help us focus on critical uncertainties - on the things we don't know about - and on the things we do know about. They help us understand the limitations of our ‘mental maps’ of the world – to think the unthinkable, anticipate the unknowable and utilize both to make better strategic decisions. The choice for the Strategic decision in Energy policy is between Scenario - I maximizing the use of Coal and Scenario –II using gas as coal supply is constrained The extra effort to achieve Scenario – I coal production is difficult but not impossible. Infrastructure for importing &/transporting coal or Gas will be equally difficult, The Forex and employment implications are clear.

16 16 Wind Potential 45000 MW Potential exploited 1267 MW Tamilnadu 787 MW Gujarat 166 MW Andhra Pradesh 89 MW Karnataka 37 MW Kerala 2 MW Madhya Pradesh 22 MW Maharashtra 155 MW Hydro Potential 15000 MW Himachal Pradesh 1624 MW Uttar Pradesh 1472 MW Arunachal Pradesh 1059 MW Karnataka 652 MW Maharashtra 599 MW Kerala 466 MW Madhya Pradesh 410 MW Bihar & Zarkhand 367 MW Potential exploited 1341 MW Oil Reserves 732 Mn Tons Gas Reserves 763 Bn Cu Mtr Reliance Gas find 198 BCM Cairn Gas Find 28 BCM Present gas prod 30 BCM pa Oil & Gas Coal Reserves 246 Bn Tons Jharkhand 71.14 Bn Tons Orissa 59.10 Bn Tons Chattisgarh 38.13 Bn Tons Total Coal Mines 561 Present production of Coal & Lignite in excess of 389 MT pa Coal Biomass Potential 3500 MW Maharashtra 1000 MW Uttar Pradesh 1000 MW Karnataka 300 MW Andhra Pradesh 200 MW Gujarat 200 MW Punjab 150 MW Potential exploited 272 MW Biomass Small Hydro Wind Municipal Potential 1000 MW Industrial waste potential 700 MW Projects implemented 9.5 MW Projects under const. 5.2 MW Projects under dev 21 MW Waste Sources of Energy India has all forms of energy resources and they are available in all parts

17 17 Coal Reserves & Production 248 Billion Tonnes of Coal Reserves out of which 93 Billion Tonnes are proven. Of these, the coking coal needed for steel production is only a small part. Present Production Levels – 382MT (2004-05). Reserves can sustain over 100 years of use at this level. Productivity of Coal mines in India is very low, ranging from 152 tones to 2621 tones per miner per year, compared to 12,000 tons/miner in Australia and US. Industry essentially comprises two large Government owned companies CIL & SCCL. The production plans as now projected by the Industry, leave a large gap between demand and supply. Coal Reserves: Source: Coal Vision 2025. Bn tonnes = Billion tonnes. CategoryTotal Coal Reserves (Bn Tonnes) Coking Coal reserves out of Total Reserves (Bn Tonnes) Proved9317 Indicated11714 Inferred382 Total24833 2004-052009-102014-152019-202024-252029-30Avg growth (%) Demand as foresee* 368509679951120917056.2 Public sector production* 361509679942108612005.0 MT Coal : demand supply gap * CIL / SCCL production plans are under frequent revisions.

18 18 Coal Sector – Strategies for Future A committee under T L Sankar is examining the following: * India is the third largest producer of coal with 400 mt/yr. China leads with 2000mt/yr distantly followed by USA as second with 1100mt/yr. All three are planning to increase coal production in the next two decades. If India would produce 1800mt in 2029-30 carbon emission would be about 5.5 billion tonnes of carbon – lower than current US pollution and one third of US in per-capita terms.India should use more coal but produce and use it in a responsible manner * Pending the Parliament passing the Coal Mines Nationalization(Amendment) Bill,various measures for liberalizing captive coal mining provisions. Use of modern technology to augment productivity and quality Adoption of clean coal technologies, such as IGCC etc Create competition among public sector coal companies at the State and Central level. Rationalization of railway freights Creating a vibrant coal trade involving imports exports and internal trade through e-auction and commodity trade channels.

19 19 Natural Gas-Strategies for Future Natural Gas production stands at 32 BCM per annum and the reserves at 922 BCM After a major jump in the production of natural gas in late 90s, the production has stagnated The new gas finds especially in deep off shore wells have added reserves of another 195 BCM in Reliance and 560 BCM in GSPC Fields.ONGC has not disclosed the reserves. These are yet to be certified by DGH. The new exploration by all agencies including ONGC is delaying the development of the gas fields in the hope that there will soon be a severe shortage of power and gas at high cost will be purchased by power generators.Even signed agreements are dishonored with impunity !

20 20 Natural Gas – Demand Supply-price nexus Year DemandSupply 2004-053634 2009-104157 2014-155285 2019-2068103 2024-2585? 2029-30113? This demand-supply is on Business-as usual basis..New finds of gas deposits and promise of more have raised hopes of increased use of gas for power generation. India’s unique location of being close to some of the world’s largest gas deposits in Qatar, Oman, Iran and Central Asia has raised hopes to get piped gas or LNG from these sources. The price of gas defines the sectors and levels of use. At $4 per MMBTU and above gas can be used only in fertilizer, petrochemical and as auto fuel and domestic fuel. If the price of imported gas is about $3 per MMBTU, gas can substitute coal for power generation and its demand can become very large. Market rumours are that oil ministry is keen that gas prices settle at a high level ! BCM

21 21 Petroleum India is the sixth largest oil consumer in the world with a share of 3.1% of the world consumption. The dependence on import for oil has reached a level of 72%. The crude refining capacity of India today is at 132 MT. India has achieved self sufficiency in refining, at the present demand level.

22 22 Oil Pricing& Subsidies Problem Crude is imported-products are not imported or exported,except marginally. Product prices are revised with reference to the average of two price publications.Index of product price has risen faster than crude price.Refiners get windfall gains! Duties & taxes are ad-valorem and increase retail prices further.! Diesel & kerosene price difference leads to large scale adulteration. Kero subsidy is not focussed on BPL population.PDS is defunct in many places. LPG benefits commercial establishments –Possible Actions Product price should be indexed to crude price allowing a good Gross Refinery Margin. Duties and taxes should be fixed w,r.t quantity and adjusted on a half-yearly basis to absorb part of the oil price increase shock. Market retail price of kerosene and diesel should be equal.The BPL families would get Kero-coupons and collect kerosene at a lower price with coupons which could be encased by oil companies. Misuse of subsidized LPG should be ruthlessly weeded out.

23 23 Power Sector-Continuing Challenges... CHALLENGES With the enactment of the Electricity Act 2003 the legal & Institutional problems resolved. Managerial and governance problems remain: - Inadequacy of supply - High T&D losses -Poor quality of supply -Total lack of consumer concerns -Irrational tariffs -Metering and billing inefficiency POSSIBLE SOLUTIONS Encouraging Generation investment in all sizes of plants. Aggressively promoting Captive power generation by clarity in regulation of open access & surcharge. Enforcing franchisee system at sub- station or feeder level involving consumers, Introducing total transparency in distribution through publishing a)Feeder level daily energy flows b).All info on the connected load and total collection of revenue under each feeder and list of customers with pending bills of > 3months c) Daily feeder-wise interruption report CAIDI should be published. Spot billing with instantaneous printing. *

24 24 Indian Nuclear Power Programme 14 reactors at 6 sites under operation 2770 2,770 6 PHWRs under construction 1,960 2 LWRs under construction 2,000 PFBR at Kalpakkam 500 Projects planned till 2020 13,900 TOTAL by 2020 21,180 CAPACITY MWe India plans to have an installed Nuclear power capacity of about 21,180 MW by 2020 India’s Nuclear Power Programme is designed with the long term objective to serve as the source of electricity when other sources get exhausted. It is a key element of the energy self reliance strategy.In is dependent on developing technologies to use fuel breeding fast breeder reactors and Plutonium thorium mix as fuel.For this we may have to use imported fuel in about 7000 Mwe capacity.

25 25 Hydro Power India holds a potential to the tune of 150,000 MW of low PLF Installed capacity today is 23,488 MW -just about 17% of the potential. GOI in a recent exercise, Hydro Electricity Initiative, has made a comprehensive l survey of all potential hydroelectric sites for 50000 MW capacity and has identified 7000 MW projects which can deliver power at less than Rs 2.0/Kwhr. India has established mutually beneficial arrangements with Bhutan where projects constructed mostly with Indian capital are handed over to Bhutan Government for management and power is purchased at mutually agreed rates. About 300 MW is being purchased and a new project with over 1000 MW will be ready by 2006. Further potential is over 10000 MW for imports from Bhutan. Nepal is also likely source for over 20000 MWs The possibilities of developing power generation from multiple sources and the opportunity to import hydel power from neighbouring countries suggest that achievement of the required level of power supply is within reach.

26 26 Alternative Fuels In the long long run we have to depend on renewables. India is among the few countries were all possible sources and technologies are under investigation and development. In respect of wind power, small hydro, bio- mass and coal-bed methane commercialization has been achieved. Gas-hydrate is a distant prospect, but the resources are huge. : Sources: MNES, NPCIL, BITS-Pilani, Dept. of Ocean Development, Infraline, Indo-US Co-operation Report SourcePotentialAchieved so farTechnically provenCommercially viable Wind Gross Potential: 45,000 MW Technical Potential: 13,000 MW 1,870 MWYY Small Hydro (upto 25 MW) 15,000 MW 1,663 MWYY Bio-Mass-Bio-Fuel Bagasse based Co-gen: 3,500 MW Bio-Mass: 19,500 MW Bio-Mass Gasification: 16,000 MW 537 MW 308 MW 35 MW YY Solar Thermal 35 MW / Sq Km --- Solar Photovoltaic 22 MW / Sq Km 2.24 MW / Sq Km Coal Bed Methane 400 Billion Cubic Meters Private investors have taken up auctioned areas. YY Underground Coal Gasification200 MSCMPD Commercial production to start 2007-08 YY Gas Hydrate Not yet known, but huge potential -- Ocean Energy Research is going on --- Fuel Cell Research is going on --- Hydrogen Research is going on --- Geo-Thermal Energy Research is going on ---

27 27 Today the energy scene in India is admittedly disappointing. A crisis is brewing. The wakeup call has been given India has started responding. We have the material resources. We have a competent technical man-power of adequate quality and quantity. We have the appropriate leadership at the top. India’s Prime Minister is arguably the most erudite and honest leader in the World. He has the reputation for having steered India over the forex crisis. We are acutely aware that managing the emerging Energy Crisis involves: -managing Oil imports – how much would depend on actions taken towards conservation of oil in transport sector, introduction of new mass transport, and development of environment friendly cost effective bio-liquid fuels. - improving efficiency of power sector,in respect of governance, modernization and professionalization and - introducing appropriate reforms in the coal sector including environment policies to accelerate coal production. Achieving these would not be easy. But, The will to overcome the crisis is emerging. Summing up

28 28 MY VISION INDIA ENERGY 2050 All renewable energy technologies will be viable. India will produce power from Wind,water and sun in plants of all sizes. Large power plants using Coal and safe Nuclear technologies using Thorium will produce huge quantities of power. Open access will be available on all EHV,HV and even major distribution lines.Transmitting power will be like traveling along Highways with tolls. Utilities will sell power to groups of consumers under a feeder line.This group can have the choice from a number of competing power suppliers. Every sq.inch of land will be optimally used for cultivation or cropping to produce and fuels especially Bio-fuels which will totally replace petrol. Every drop of water will be used wisely. Every adult would have a useful employment and public role.

29 29 LAST WORDS. We were challenged by Hindu-rate of growth, we have over come ! We were challenged by Food Crisis, We have overcome ! We were challenged by Forex Crisis, We have overcome ! Now, we are being challenged by Energy Crisis, We shall overcome ! THANKS


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