1. Lecture 12 Distributed Hash Tables CPE 401/601 Computer Network Systems slides are modified from Jennifer Rexford

2. Hash Table r Name-value pairs (or key-value pairs) m E.g,. “Mehmet Hadi Gunes” and mgunes@cse.unr.edu m E.g., “http://cse.unr.edu/” and the Web page m E.g., “HitSong.mp3” and “12.78.183.2” r Hash table m Data structure that associates keys with values 2 lookup(key) valuekey value

3. Distributed Hash Table r Hash table spread over many nodes m Distributed over a wide area r Main design goals m Decentralization no central coordinator m Scalability efficient even with large # of nodes m Fault tolerance tolerate nodes joining/leaving 3

4. Distributed Hash Table r Two key design decisions m How do we map names on to nodes? m How do we route a request to that node? 4

5. Hash Functions r Hashing m Transform the key into a number m And use the number to index an array r Example hash function m Hash(x) = x mod 101, mapping to 0, 1, …, 100 r Challenges m What if there are more than 101 nodes? Fewer? m Which nodes correspond to each hash value? m What if nodes come and go over time? 5

6. Consistent Hashing r “view” = subset of hash buckets that are visible m For this conversation, “view” is O(n) neighbors m But don’t need strong consistency on views r Desired features m Balanced: in any one view, load is equal across buckets m Smoothness: little impact on hash bucket contents when buckets are added/removed m Spread: small set of hash buckets that may hold an object regardless of views m Load: across views, # objects assigned to hash bucket is small 6

7. Consistent Hashing 7 0 4 8 12 Bucket 14 Construction – Assign each of C hash buckets to random points on mod 2 n circle; hash key size = n – Map object to random position on circle – Hash of object = closest clockwise bucket Desired features – Balanced: No bucket responsible for large number of objects – Smoothness: Addition of bucket does not cause movement among existing buckets – Spread and load: Small set of buckets that lie near object Similar to that later used in P2P Distributed Hash Tables (DHTs) In DHTs, each node only has partial view of neighbors

8. Consistent Hashing r Large, sparse identifier space (e.g., 128 bits) m Hash a set of keys x uniformly to large id space m Hash nodes to the id space as well 8 01 Hash(name)  object_id Hash(IP_address)  node_id Id space represented as a ring 2 128 -1

9. Where to Store (Key, Value) Pair? r Mapping keys in a load-balanced way m Store the key at one or more nodes m Nodes with identifiers “close” to the key where distance is measured in the id space r Advantages m Even distribution m Few changes as nodes come and go… 9 Hash(name)  object_id Hash(IP_address)  node_id

10. Joins and Leaves of Nodes r Maintain a circularly linked list around the ring m Every node has a predecessor and successor 10 node pred succ

11. Joins and Leaves of Nodes r When an existing node leaves m Node copies its pairs to its predecessor m Predecessor points to node’s successor in the ring r When a node joins m Node does a lookup on its own id m And learns the node responsible for that id m This node becomes the new node’s successor m And the node can learn that node’s predecessor which will become the new node’s predecessor 11

12. Nodes Coming and Going r Small changes when nodes come and go m Only affects mapping of keys mapped to the node that comes or goes 12 Hash(name)  object_id Hash(IP_address)  node_id

13. How to Find the Nearest Node? r Need to find the closest node m To determine who should store (key, value) pair m To direct a future lookup(key) query to the node r Strawman solution: walk through linked list m Circular linked list of nodes in the ring m O(n) lookup time when n nodes in the ring r Alternative solution: m Jump further around ring m “Finger” table of additional overlay links 13

14. Links in the Overlay Topology r Trade-off between # of hops vs. # of neighbors m E.g., log(n) for both, where n is the number of nodes m E.g., such as overlay links 1/2, 1/4 1/8, … around the ring m Each hop traverses at least half of the remaining distance 14 1/2 1/4 1/8