1. The Civil War: 1945-49 HI 168: Lecture 10 Dr. Howard Chiang

2. OVERVIEW -Wartime GMD China -Coalition Negotiations: 1945-46 -Civil War: 1946-49 -Taiwan before 1950 -The February Twenty-Eighth Incident

5. WARTIME GMD CHINA -Many of the accomplishments of Chiang Kai-shek’s Nanjing decade were destroyed in war: highways, railroads, industry, bridges, and roads -Inflation: from 1937-45, rose 2,647 times the price -Government simply printed more money -Chiang’s commitment to the Second United Front was weak: peasants and workers attracted to the CCP

6. COALITION NEGOTIATIONS -The question of the surrender of Japanese military units: the “rush” to Northeast China between CCP and GMD (backed by the U.S.) -August 28, 1945: Mao Zedong and Zhou Enlai flew to Chongqing from Yan’an with the US ambassador, Patrick Hurley -August 29 to October 10, 1945: Chongqing negotiations – Mao and Chiang signed a memo of agreement

7. COALITION NEGOTIATIONS -Ambassador Hurley resigned and replaced by George C. Marshall -1941: Federation of Democratic Parties opposed the GMD monopoly of government power -Oct 1944: Democratic League (3 rd Force) -Many of the League leaders were assassinated (most likely by GMD)  members flee to Hong Kong -Oct 1947: Nanjing outlawed the League

10. CIVIL WAR -May 1, 1946: Chinese People’s Liberation Army (PLA) -GMD outnumbered CCP in the beginning -Late 1946: PLA under the leadership of Lin Biao turned the tide -Communists in control of the countryside: Nationalist-controlled cities  islands in a Communist sea -Mid-1948: CCP and GMD equal numbers -Communist victory in Manchuria, 1948

11. Lin Biao and his officers in Harbin (1946)

16. TAIWAN BEFORE 1950 -Indigenous population: Malay or Polynesian origins (2% population today) -16 th & 17 th century: Han Chinese migration from Fujian province (speakers of Minnan or southern Fujian) -15 th to 17 th century: commercal base for Portuguese and Dutch merchants -1661-1683: Zheng Chenggong -1683: prefecture of Fujian province -1887: independent province

17. TAIWAN BEFORE 1950 -Treaty of Shimonoseki (17 Apr 1895): Taiwan remained Japanese control until 1945 -Agreements signed in Cairo (Nov 22 1943) and Potsdam (July and Aug 1943): Taiwan was to be returned to China -Chen Yi: first governor of Taiwan in 1945 and established a new mainlander elite - clashed with the Taiwanese elites (e.g., disposition of Japanese property)

18. Chen Yi

19. FEB TWENTY-8TH (2-28) INCIDENT -Feb. 27, 1927: officials of Chen Yi’s admin. shot a cigarette-selling woman and a bystander -Demonstration and strike the following day -Taizhong (mid-West Taiwan): a citizens’ assembly proclaimed the formation of a People’s Government -Uprising suppressed with great brutality -1949: Chiang’s (2 nd ) White Terror