2. D0 Meeting September 6, 2002 Rick Field - Florida/CDFPage 1 The “Underlying Event” in Hard Scattering Processes  What happens when a proton and an antiproton collide with a center-of- mass energy of 2 TeV?  Most of the time the proton and antiproton ooze through each other and fall apart (i.e. no hard scattering). The outgoing particles continue in roughly the same direction as initial proton and antiproton.  Occasionally there will be a “hard” parton-parton collision resulting in large transverse momentum outgoing partons.  The “underlying event” is everything except the two outgoing hard scattered “jets”. It is an unavoidable background to many collider observables.

3. D0 Meeting September 6, 2002 Rick Field - Florida/CDFPage 2 Min-Bias? Beam-Beam Remnants  The underlying event in a hard scattering process has a “hard” component (particles that arise from initial & final-state radiation and from the outgoing hard scattered partons) and a “soft” component (beam-beam remnants).  However the “soft” component is color connected to the “hard” component so this separation is (at best) an approximation.  For ISAJET (no color flow) the “soft” and “hard” components are completely independent and the model for the beam-beam remnant component is the same as for min-bias (“cut pomeron”) but with a larger.  HERWIG breaks the color connection with a soft q-qbar pair and then models the beam-beam remnant component the same as HERWIG min-bias (cluster decay).

4. D0 Meeting September 6, 2002 Rick Field - Florida/CDFPage 3 Studying the “Underlying Event” at CDF  The underlying event in a hard scattering process is a complicated and not very well understood object. It is an interesting region since it probes the interface between perturbative and non-perturbative physics.  There are two CDF analyses which quantitatively study the underlying event and compare with the QCD Monte-Carlo models.  It is important to model this region well since it is an unavoidable background to all collider observables. Also, we need a good model of min-bias (zero-bias) collisions. The Underlying Event: beam-beam remnants initial-state radiation multiple-parton interactions CDF Cone Analysis Valeria Tano Eve Kovacs Joey Huston Anwar Bhatti CDF Evolution of Charged Jets Rick Field David Stuart Rich Haas Ph.D. Thesis PRD65:092002, 2002

5. D0 Meeting September 6, 2002 Rick Field - Florida/CDFPage 4 Evolution of Charged Jets “Underlying Event”  Look at charged particle correlations in the azimuthal angle  relative to the leading charged particle jet.  Define |  | 120 o as “Away”.  All three regions have the same size in  -  space,  x  = 2x120 o = 4  /3. Charged Particle  Correlations P T > 0.5 GeV/c |  | < 1 Toward-side “jet” (always) Away-side “jet” (sometimes) Very sensitive to the “underlying event” Perpendicular to the plane of the 2-to-2 hard scattering

6. D0 Meeting September 6, 2002 Rick Field - Florida/CDFPage 5 Charged Multiplicity versus P T (chgjet#1)  Data on the average number of “toward” (|  | 120 o ) charged particles (P T > 0.5 GeV, |  | in a 1 GeV bin. The solid (open) points are the Min-Bias (JET20) data. The errors on the (uncorrected) data include both statistical and correlated systematic uncertainties. Underlying Event “plateau” Factor of 2 more active than an average Min-Bias event!

7. D0 Meeting September 6, 2002 Rick Field - Florida/CDFPage 6 “Transverse” P T Distribution  Comparison of the “transverse” versus P T (charged jet#1) with the P T distribution of the “transverse”, dN chg /dP T. The integral of dN chg /dP T is the “transverse”. Shows how the “transverse” is distributed in P T. P T (charged jet#1) > 5 GeV/c “Transverse” = 2.2 P T (charged jet#1) > 30 GeV/c “Transverse” = 2.3

8. D0 Meeting September 6, 2002 Rick Field - Florida/CDFPage 7 “Max/Min Transverse” Nchg versus P T (chgjet#1)  Define “TransMAX” and “TransMIN” to be the maximum and minimum of the region 60 o <  <120 o (60 o <-  <120 o ) on an event by event basis. The overall “transverse” region is the sum of “TransMAX” and “TransMIN”.  The plot shows the average “TransMAX” N chg and “TransMIN” N chg versus P T (charged jet#1). The solid (open) points are the Min-Bias (JET20) data. The errors on the (uncorrected) data include both statistical and correlated systematic uncertainties. “TransMAX” “TransMIN” Area  2x60 o = 2  /3 More sensitive to the “beam-beam remnants” More sensitive to the “hard scattering” component Bryan Webber idea!

9. D0 Meeting September 6, 2002 Rick Field - Florida/CDFPage 8 ISAJET: “Transverse” Nchg versus P T (chgjet#1) ISAJET: “Transverse” Nchg versus P T (chgjet#1)  Plot shows the “transverse” vs P T (chgjet#1) compared to the QCD hard scattering predictions of ISAJET 7.32 (default parameters with P T (hard)>3 GeV/c).  The predictions of ISAJET are divided into two categories: charged particles that arise from the break-up of the beam and target (beam-beam remnants); and charged particles that arise from the outgoing jet plus initial and final-state radiation (hard scattering component). Beam-Beam Remnants ISAJET Outgoing Jets plus Initial & Final-State Radiation

10. D0 Meeting September 6, 2002 Rick Field - Florida/CDFPage 9 HERWIG: “Transverse” Nchg versus P T (chgjet#1)  Plot shows the “transverse” vs P T (chgjet#1) compared to the QCD hard scattering predictions of HERWIG 5.9 (default parameters with P T (hard)>3 GeV/c).  The predictions of HERWIG are divided into two categories: charged particles that arise from the break-up of the beam and target (beam-beam remnants); and charged particles that arise from the outgoing jet plus initial and final-state radiation (hard scattering component). Beam-Beam Remnants Outgoing Jets plus Initial & Final-State Radiation HERWIG

11. D0 Meeting September 6, 2002 Rick Field - Florida/CDFPage 10 HERWIG: “Transverse” P T Distribution  Data on the “transverse” versus P T (charged jet#1) and the P T distribution of the “transverse”, dN chg /dP T, compared with the QCD Monte-Carlo predictions of HERWIG 5.9 (default parameters with with P T (hard) > 3 GeV/c). The integral of dN chg /dP T is the “transverse”. P T (charged jet#1) > 5 GeV/c “Transverse” = 1.7 P T (charged jet#1) > 30 GeV/c “Transverse” = 2.2 HERWIG has the too steep of a P T dependence of the “beam-beam remnant” component of the “underlying event”!

12. D0 Meeting September 6, 2002 Rick Field - Florida/CDFPage 11 MPI: Multiple Parton Interactions  PYTHIA models the “soft” component of the underlying event with color string fragmentation, but in addition includes a contribution arising from multiple parton interactions (MPI) in which one interaction is hard and the other is “semi-hard”.  The probability that a hard scattering events also contains a semi-hard multiple parton interaction can be varied but adjusting the cut-off for the MPI.  One can also adjust whether the probability of a MPI depends on the P T of the hard scattering, P T (hard) (constant cross section or varying with impact parameter).  One can adjust the color connections and flavor of the MPI (singlet or nearest neighbor, q-qbar or glue-glue).  Also, one can adjust how the probability of a MPI depends on P T (hard) (single or double Gaussian matter distribution).

13. D0 Meeting September 6, 2002 Rick Field - Florida/CDFPage 12 PYTHIA: Multiple Parton Interactions Pythia uses multiple parton interactions to enhace the underlying event. ParameterValueDescription MSTP(81)0Multiple-Parton Scattering off 1Multiple-Parton Scattering on MSTP(82)1Multiple interactions assuming the same probability, with an abrupt cut-off P T min=PARP(81) 3Multiple interactions assuming a varying impact parameter and a hadronic matter overlap consistent with a single Gaussian matter distribution, with a smooth turn- off P T0 =PARP(82) 4Multiple interactions assuming a varying impact parameter and a hadronic matter overlap consistent with a double Gaussian matter distribution (governed by PARP(83) and PARP(84)), with a smooth turn-off P T0 =PARP(82) Hard Core Multiple parton interaction more likely in a hard (central) collision! and now HERWIG ! Herwig MPI J. M. Butterworth J. R. Forshaw M. H. Seymour

14. D0 Meeting September 6, 2002 Rick Field - Florida/CDFPage 13 PYTHIA Multiple Parton Interactions  Plot shows “transverse” versus PT(chgjet#1) compared to the QCD hard scattering predictions of PYTHIA with P T (hard) > 0 GeV/c.  PYTHIA 6.115: GRV94L, MSTP(82)=3, P T0 =PARP(82)=1.55 GeV/c.  PYTHIA 6.115: CTEQ3L, MSTP(82)=3, P T0 =PARP(82)=1.55 GeV/c.  PYTHIA 6.115: CTEQ3L, MSTP(82)=3, P T0 =PARP(82)=1.35 GeV/c.  PYTHIA 6.115: CTEQ4L, MSTP(82)=3, P T0 =PARP(82)=1.8 GeV/c. Varying Impact Parameter Note: Multiple parton interactions depend sensitively on the PDF’s!

15. D0 Meeting September 6, 2002 Rick Field - Florida/CDFPage 14 PYTHIA Multiple Parton Interactions  Plots shows data on the “transMAX/MIN” vs P T (chgjet#1) compared to the QCD hard scattering predictions of PYTHIA with P T (hard) > 0 GeV/c.  PYTHIA 6.115: CTEQ4L, MSTP(82)=3, P T0 =PARP(82)=1.6 GeV/c (solid).  PYTHIA 6.115: CTEQ4L, MSTP(82)=3, P T0 =PARP(82)=1.8 GeV/c (dashed).  PYTHIA 6.115: CTEQ4L, MSTP(82)=3, P T0 =PARP(82)=2.0 GeV/c (dotted). Note dependence on P T0. Larger P T0 means less multiple parton interactions.

16. D0 Meeting September 6, 2002 Rick Field - Florida/CDFPage 15 Parameter6.1156.1256.1586.206 MSTP(81)1111 MSTP(82)1111 PARP(81)1.41.9 PARP(82)1.552.1 1.9 PARP(89)1,000 PARP(90)0.16 PARP(67)4.0 1.0 Version 6.120 P T0 (E cm ) = P T0 (E cm /E 0 )  E 0 = PARP(89)  = PARP(90) PYTHIA 6.206 Defaults PYTHIA default parameters Constant Probability Scattering Default parameters give very poor description of the “underlying event”! Note Change PARP(67) = 4.0 (< 6.138) PARP(67) = 1.0 (> 6.138)  Plot shows “Transverse” versus PT(chgjet#1) compared to the QCD hard scattering predictions of PYTHIA 6.206 (P T (hard) > 0) using the default parameters for multiple parton interactions and CTEQ3L, CTEQ4L, and CTEQ5L.

17. D0 Meeting September 6, 2002 Rick Field - Florida/CDFPage 16 Azimuthal Correlations  Predictions of PYTHIA 6.158 (CTEQ4L, PARP(67)=1) for the azimuthal angle, , between a b- quark with PT 1 > 5 GeV/c and |y 1 | 0 GeV/c and |y 2 |<1 in proton- antiproton collisions at 1.8 TeV. The curves correspond to d  /d  (  b/ o ) for flavor creation, flavor excitation, shower/fragmentation, and the resulting total.

18. D0 Meeting September 6, 2002 Rick Field - Florida/CDFPage 17 Azimuthal Correlations  Predictions of PYTHIA 6.206 (CTEQ5L) with PARP(67)=1 (new default) and PARP(67)=4 (old default) for the azimuthal angle, , between a b-quark with PT 1 > 15 GeV/c, |y 1 | 10 GeV/c, |y 2 |<1 in proton-antiproton collisions at 1.8 TeV. The curves correspond to d  /d  (  b/ o ) for flavor creation, flavor excitation, shower/fragmentation, and the resulting total. New PYTHIA default (less initial-state radiation) Old PYTHIA default (more initial-state radiation)

19. D0 Meeting September 6, 2002 Rick Field - Florida/CDFPage 18 Azimuthal Correlations  Predictions of HERWIG 6.4 (CTEQ5L) for the azimuthal angle, , between a b-quark with PT 1 > 15 GeV/c, |y 1 | 10 GeV/c, |y 2 |<1 in proton-antiproton collisions at 1.8 TeV. The curves correspond to d  /d  (  b/ o ) for flavor creation, flavor excitation, shower/fragmentation, and the resulting total. “Flavor Creation” New PYTHIA default (less initial-state radiation) Old PYTHIA default (more initial-state radiation)

20. D0 Meeting September 6, 2002 Rick Field - Florida/CDFPage 19 DiPhoton Correlations  Predictions of PYTHIA 6.158 (CTEQ5L) with PARP(67)=1 (new default) and PARP(67)=4 (old default) for diphoton system PT and the azimuthal angle, , between a photon with PT 1 > 12 GeV/c, |y 1 | 12 GeV/c, |y 2 |< 0.9 in proton- antiproton collisions at 1.8 TeV compared with CDF data.

21. D0 Meeting September 6, 2002 Rick Field - Florida/CDFPage 20 ParameterTune 1Tune 2 MSTP(81)11 MSTP(82)33 PARP(82)1.6 GeV1.7 GeV PARP(85)1.0 PARP(86)1.0 PARP(89)1.8 TeV PARP(90)0.16 PARP(67)1.04.0 Old PYTHIA default (less initial-state radiation) New PYTHIA default (less initial-state radiation) Tuned PYTHIA 6.206  Plot shows “Transverse” versus PT(chgjet#1) compared to the QCD hard scattering predictions of two tuned versions of PYTHIA 6.206 (CTEQ5L, PARP(67)=1 and PARP(67)=4). PYTHIA 6.206 CTEQ5L Old PYTHIA default (less initial-state radiation) New PYTHIA default (less initial-state radiation) Bulk of Min-Bias events! Can describe transition between “soft” and “hard” regime!

22. D0 Meeting September 6, 2002 Rick Field - Florida/CDFPage 21 Tuned PYTHIA 6.206 “Transverse” P T Distribution  Data on the “transverse” versus P T (charged jet#1) and the P T distribution of the “transverse”, dN chg /dP T, compared with the QCD Monte-Carlo predictions of two tuned versions of PYTHIA 6.206 (P T (hard) > 0, CTEQ5L, PARP(67)=1 and PARP(67)=4). PARP(67)=4.0 (old default) is favored over PARP(67)=1.0 (new default)! P T (charged jet#1) > 30 GeV/c

23. D0 Meeting September 6, 2002 Rick Field - Florida/CDFPage 22 Tuned PYTHIA 6.206 vs HERWIG 6.4 “TransMAX/MIN” vs P T (chgjet#1) Tuned PYTHIA 6.206 vs HERWIG 6.4 “TransMAX/MIN” vs P T (chgjet#1)  Plots shows data on the “transMAX/MIN” and “transMAX/MIN” vs P T (chgjet#1). The solid (open) points are the Min-Bias (JET20) data.  The data are compared with the QCD Monte-Carlo predictions of HERWIG 6.4 (CTEQ5L, P T (hard) > 3 GeV/c) and two tuned versions of PYTHIA 6.206 (P T (hard) > 0, CTEQ5L, PARP(67)=1 and PARP(67)=4).

24. D0 Meeting September 6, 2002 Rick Field - Florida/CDFPage 23 Tuned PYTHIA 6.206 vs HERWIG 6.4 “TransSUM/DIF” vs P T (chgjet#1) Tuned PYTHIA 6.206 vs HERWIG 6.4 “TransSUM/DIF” vs P T (chgjet#1)  Plots shows data on the “transSUM/DIF” and “transSUM/DIF” vs P T (chgjet#1). The solid (open) points are the Min-Bias (JET20) data.  The data are compared with the QCD Monte-Carlo predictions of HERWIG 6.4 (CTEQ5L, P T (hard) > 3 GeV/c) and two tuned versions of PYTHIA 6.206 (P T (hard) > 0, CTEQ5L, PARP(67)=1 and PARP(67)=4).

25. D0 Meeting September 6, 2002 Rick Field - Florida/CDFPage 24 Tuned PYTHIA 6.206 vs HERWIG 6.4 “Transverse” P T Distribution  Data on the P T distribution of the “transverse”, dN chg /dP T, compared with the QCD Monte-Carlo predictions of HERWIG 6.4 (CTEQ5L, P T (hard) > 3 GeV/c) and two tuned versions of PYTHIA 6.206 (P T (hard) > 0, CTEQ5L, PARP(67)=1 and PARP(67)=4).

26. D0 Meeting September 6, 2002 Rick Field - Florida/CDFPage 25 The Underlying Event: Summary & Conclusions The “Underlying Event”  Combining the two CDF analyses gives a quantitative study of the underlying event from very soft collisions to very hard collisions.  ISAJET (with independent fragmentation) produces too many (soft) particles in the underlying event with the wrong dependence on P T (jet#1). HERWIG and PYTHIA modify the leading-log picture to include “color coherence effects” which leads to “angle ordering” within the parton shower and do a better job describing the underlying event.  Both ISAJET and HERWIG have the too steep of a P T dependence of the beam-beam remnant component of the underlying event and hence do not have enough beam-beam remnants with P T > 0.5 GeV/c.  PYTHIA (with multiple parton interactions) does the best job in describing the underlying event.  Perhaps the multiple parton interaction approach is correct or maybe we simply need to improve the way the Monte-Carlo models handle the beam-beam remnants (or both!).

27. D0 Meeting September 6, 2002 Rick Field - Florida/CDFPage 26 Multiple Parton Interactions: Summary & Conclusions Multiple Parton Interactions  The increased activity in the underlying event in a hard scattering over a soft collision cannot be explained by initial-state radiation.  Multiple parton interactions gives a natural way of explaining the increased activity in the underlying event in a hard scattering. A hard scattering is more likely to occur when the hard cores overlap and this is also when the probability of a multiple parton interaction is greatest. For a soft grazing collision the probability of a multiple parton interaction is small.  PYTHIA (with varying impact parameter) describes the underlying event data fairly well and will also fit the min-bias data (must use MSTP(82)=4 “double Gaussian” and tune the parameters). More work is needed on the energy dependence.  A. Moraes, I. Dawson, and C. Buttar (University of Sheffield) have also been working on tuning PYTHIA to fit the underlying event using the CDF data with the goal of extrapolating to the LHC. AntiProton Hard Core Proton Hard Core No time to discuss this here! Energy dependence?