1. Spanish Rule Ends in Texas Main Idea: Spain begins to lose its control of Texas as American filibusters and Mexican revolutionaries threaten Spanish authority.

2. What was the Hidalgo Revolution? September 16, 1810 – Father Miguel Hidalgo Y Costilla issues the “grito de delores”, or cry for Mexican independence from Spain Mexican people should govern themselves and revolt against Spain NOTE: Father Miguel Hidalgo ≠ Father Francisco Hidalgo from Unit 3 (no relation)

3. How did the Hidalgo Revolution affect Spanish Texas? His forces fail to capture Mexico City, and Hidalgo is captured and executed in 1811 He inspires others to take up arms Some of his followers invade Texas and capture San Antonio and other Texas towns; but are later defeated by Spanish loyalists

4. What was the Gutierrez-Magee Expedition? Jose Bernardo Gutierrez de Lara Augustus Magee Jose Bernardo Gutierrez de Lara, one of Hidalgo’s supporters; recruits American Augustus Magee for help in the liberation of Texas from Spain Republican Army of the North In August 1812, they form the “Republican Army of the North”, and later capture Nacogdoches, Goliad, and San Antonio Samuel Kemper In March 1813, the Army, now led by Samuel Kemper, issues a declaration of independence for Texas Above: Solid Green Flag of the Gutierrez-Magee Expedition

5. What was the Battle of Medina? Americans wanted a republic, but the Mexicans wanted a government with appointed officials Americans wanted Texas independence from Mexico, but Mexicans wanted Texas to remain part of Mexico Joaquin de ArredondoBattle of Medina In August 1813, the Republican Army is defeated by the Spanish Army led by General Joaquin de Arredondo at the Battle of Medina [River], north of San Antonio. They kill/execute most of the Republican Army.

6. How did revolutionaries and pirates affect Spanish Texas? French pirates helped against Spanish resistance along the Gulf Coast. Louis Michel Aury Louis Michel Aury transported an expedition of Mexican rebel troops along the coast under the command of Francisco Mina Jean Laffite Jean Laffite was more interested in capturing Spanish vessels for their cargo than fighting for Mexican independence. Above: Jean Laffite

7. What was the Long Invasion? James Long (Adams-Onis Treaty) James Long, a filibuster, was angry that the U.S. surrendered claim to Texas (Adams-Onis Treaty) He led a force of rebels and captured Nacogdoches and declared Texas a free and independent and was elected president. Above: James Long’s Flag

8. Why did the Long Invasion fail? While Long was in Galveston seeking Jean Laffite’s aid, Spanish troops defeated Long’s forces in East Texas. Long recruited more troops and captured Goliad, but was forced to surrender to Spanish troops. He was later taken to Mexico City and accidentally killed by a guard.

9. Who is Jane Long? Followed husband James Came with teenage slave, Kian Kept Indians away by bluffing with a cannon. Had “the first Anglo child in Texas”

10. How is Jane Long remembered? Left Texas when colonists told her husband was dead Returned and lived out her days running a hotel in Brazoria Died Dec. 30th,1880 Known as “the Mother of Texas”