1. 4. Perception

2. Lesson 1 Empiricism Common-sense realism Perceptual illusions

3. Perception “awareness of things through our 5 senses”

4. Choose a sense to lose!

5. Which sense did you choose? Why? Which sense is most identified with knowledge? Why?

6. Empiricism All knowledge is ultimately based on perceptual experience

7. The subjects you study? Can you list the role perception plays in your different IB subjects? Are there any areas of knowledge where perception plays NO role?

8. Common-sense realism Perception is passive and gives us an accurate picture of reality Do you think our senses give us an accurate picture of how the world really is?

13. http://www.grand- illusions.com/opticalillusions/impossible_motion/

14. Perception is a complex process Sensation and interpretation

15. Interpretation: Context

16. Interpretation: Expectations

17. The following four slides will be shown very quickly. Try to remember what the four cards are.

22. Can you name them?

24. Illusions from other senses? Can you think of any illusions from our other senses?

25. Perceptual illusions Pass the two blocks around. Which one is colder? Put ice cubes on the blocks and watch

26. Perceptual illusions How did your sense of touch score?!

27. Lesson 2 Selectivity of perception Seeing and believing Distinguishing appearance from reality

28. Selectivity of perception Discuss in groups how the following picture would be interpreted through the eyes of a religious figure, a physicist, a painter or a farmer?

30. Selectivity of perception Discuss in groups how the following picture would be interpreted through the eyes of a biologist, logger, environmentalist, a native American?

32. Selectivity of perception - emotion There’s someone for everyone.

33. Seeing the world clearly? In what emotional state do we see the world clearest? Why?

34. Selectivity of perception - education What do you see? What would a doctor see?

35. Selectivity of perception - education What do you see? What would a musician see?

36. Selectivity of perception - education What do you see? What would a dentist see?

37. Selectivity of perception - education What do you taste? What would a wine expert taste?

38. Seeing/believing In the 19 th century scientists believed there is a planet between Mercury and the sun. Some believed it so much they said they had seen it in their telescopes. No such planet exists.

39. Seeing/believing

42. YouTube - Godless Comedy from That Mitchell and Webb Look YouTube - Godless Comedy from That Mitchell and Webb Look

43. Eye witnesses YouTube - Impossible eye witness funny sketch - A Bit of Stephen Fry & Hugh Laurie – BBC YouTube - Impossible eye witness funny sketch - A Bit of Stephen Fry & Hugh Laurie – BBC YouTube - The Eyewitness Test: How do you stack up? YouTube - The Eyewitness Test: How do you stack up?

44. Distinguishing appearance from reality How can we trust our senses?

45. Confirmation by another sense It looks like poo, it smells like poo. I’ll taste it just to make sure.

46. Coherence

47. Independent testimony

48. Lesson 3 Extension of the senses Ultimate reality What is really out there? Theories of reality What should we believe?

49. Extension of the senses

50. Electromagnetic spectrum λ ≈ 700 - 420 nm λ ≈ 10 -7 - 10 -8 m λ ≈ 10 -9 - 10 -11 m λ ≈ 10 -12 - 10 -14 m λ ≈ 10 -4 - 10 -6 m λ ≈ 10 -2 - 10 -3 m λ ≈ 10 -1 - 10 3 m

52. Ultrasound

53. What is really out there?

54. Does the “sweetness” exist in the coke or only in your mouth?

55. What is really out there? Where is the green in the grass? In the grass or in your eye (or brain?) If we had evolved differently, sensitive to electromagnetic radiation of different frequencies we would not see grass as green at all…….in conclusion the world really has no colour at all!

56. What really is out there? If a tree falls in a forest, and nobody is there is hear it, does it make a sound?

57. Two types of sound? Physical – vibrations in the air Experienced – the sound we hear/experience in our brains

58. No experienced sound before life on earth?

59. A rose with no colour?

60. Does anything exist independent of our experience?

62. Theories of reality

63. Common-sense realism The way we perceive the world mirrors the way the world is Can you outline the main arguments against common sense realism?

64. Scientific realism The world exists as an independent reality, but very different from how we perceive it.

65. Phenomenalism This comes from empiricism. We cannot say there are tables in a room, only that if we go into a room we will have various table experiences! The world does not exist independent of our experience of it

66. Phenomenalism If you believed in phenomenalism, what difference would it make to your practical life? The world does not exist independent of our experience of it

67. Are you bothered? Does it bother you that we can’t know anything about what the Universe is like independent of our existence of it?

68. Quotation walk Around the lower school corridors are posted various quotations about perception. Choose one as a starting point for your next TOK essay. Explain what the quotation means, link it to at least two IB subjects you are studying, and link it to at least two experiences from your own life. Due ………………