1. Policy Workshop on Private Higher Education Damascus 8 December 2004

2. some dimensions of diversity n constitutional ban

3. some dimensions of diversity n constitutional ban n limited private

4. some dimensions of diversity n constitutional ban n limited private n significant participation

5. some dimensions of diversity n constitutional ban n limited private n significant participation n majority enrollment

6. share of private higher education enrolments Korea 75% Indonesia65% Philippines 80% Colombia 60% Brazil 60%

7. proportion of private enrollment

8. growth of private enrollment in Latin America (1970 - 1994)

9. some dimensions of diversity n poor quality

10. some dimensions of diversity n poor quality n the best show in town

11. outline of the presentation... the potential benefits of private higher education the risks involved the role of the State

12. outline of the presentation... the potential benefits of private higher education the risks involved the role of the State

13. potential benefits n providing opportunities in constrained environment

14. potential benefits n providing opportunities in constrained environment n complementing government funding

15. enrollment rates by region (1970-1999)

17. knowledge is a key factor in explaining the difference between poverty and wealth

18. Korea vs. Ghana n Korea u 1950s: F growth of public tertiary education with tuition fees u 1960s: F government financial incentives to promote private tertiary sector growth u 1970s and 80s: F development of science and engineering programs u 1990s: F emphasis on quality assurance, R&D, accountability, performance-based funding

19. Ghana vs. Korea n Ghana u 1950s – 1970s F slow growth of “free” public tertiary education u 1980s: F initiation of reforms: quality, financial sustainability, expansion of public tertiary education u 1990s: F weak application of reform programs

20. Korea vs. Ghana n evolution 1960-2002 u enrollment rate F Korea: 2% in 1945 to 80% F Ghana: remained at 2% u private sector enrollment F Korea: 75% of total F Ghana: 6% of total u public expenditure per student F Korea: increase from $2,700 to $4,500 F Ghana: decrease from $1,200 to $850 u tertiary education linkages with economy and labor market F Korea: strong F Ghana: weak

21. potential benefits n providing opportunities in constrained environment n complementing government funding n being closer to employers needs

22. linkages with the productive sectors n management team n board with external representatives n practitioners as part-time professors n speed to market

23. potential benefits n providing opportunities in constrained environment n complementing government funding n being closer to employers needs n providing healthy stimulation through competition

24. healthy competition n Bolivia

25. healthy competition n Bolivia n Uruguay

28. healthy competition n Bolivia n Uruguay n Russia

29. healthy competition n Bolivia n Uruguay n Russia n Jordan and Lebanon

30. outline of the presentation... the potential benefits of private higher education the risks involved the role of the State

31. the risks involved n inadequate quality n increasing inequalities n unfair competition

32. the quality challenge n diploma mills

33. the quality challenge n diploma mills n franchise institutions

34. franchise universities …

36. the quality challenge n diploma mills n franchise institutions n quality assurance for virtual institutions and e-learning

37. virtual universities

38. the equity challenge n the higher the tuition fees, the more elitist the institution n eligibility for public resources? u scholarships u student loans

39. unequal competition n “free riding” the use of public professors

40. beware of foreign providers! n unequal competition n corporate behavior

41. for-profits targeting developing world n Apollo Group (Univ of Phoenix) -- Apollo International n Sylvan Learning Systems u Universidad Europea de Madrid u Universidad del Valle in Mexico n Unext.com? u Columbia, Chicago, Stanford, LSE, Carnegie Mellon

42. changing behavior

43. corporate behavior

44. forced marriage

45. outline of the presentation... the potential benefits of private higher education the risks involved the role of the State

46. n mitigating the risks n promoting the harmonious growth of private institutions

47. main responsibility of the State n to put in place an enabling framework that encourages all higher institutions to be more innovative and responsive

48. role of the State n define a coherent national strategic vision and policy framework

49. is there a vision?

50. role of the State n define a coherent national strategic vision and policy framework n establish an enabling regulatory environment

51. public policies to promote private tertiary education n remove barriers

52. areas of regulation Establishment of new institution Authorization to issue degree Establishment of new program Quality assurance Financial obligations / restrictions Equity promotion Participation of public sector teachers Academic freedom guarantee Appointment of trustees Additional provisions for foreign providers

53. public policies to promote private tertiary education n remove barriers n establish quality assurance mechanisms

54. quality assurance n licensing of institutions u minimal requirements u comprehensive requirements n accreditation u entire institution u program u course

55. public policies to promote private tertiary education n remove barriers n establish quality assurance mechanisms n make information available u Provao in Brazil u ICFES in Colombia u Jordan

57. role of the State n define a coherent national strategic vision and policy framework n establish an enabling regulatory environment n offer appropriate financial incentives

58. financial support from the public budget  direct subsidy  payment of teachers  tax exemptions  scholarships  student loans

59. conclusion

60. the changing higher education landscape The Traditional University Differentiated System

61. competing in the learning society...