1. Equations & Balancing

2. Outline  Word Equations  Skeleton Equations  Conservation of Mass  Balanced Chemical Equations

3. Chemical Equations  Represent a chemical reaction.  Are made up of two parts: Reactants  Products  eg. methane + oxygen  carbon dioxide + water CH 4 + O 2  CO 2 + H 2 O CH 4 + O 2  CO 2 + H 2 O

4. Chemical Equations  Reactants are listed on the left side and separated by a plus sign (+).  Products are listed on the right side and separated by a plus sign (+).

5. Word Equations  Word Equations – only the chemical names of the reactants and products are shown. eg. methane + oxygen  carbon dioxide + water

6. Skeletal Equations  Unbalanced system where the chemical names are converted to chemical symbols/formulas.  Eg.CH 4 + O 2  CO 2 + H 2 0

7. Conservation of Mass  Mass of the reactants = the mass of the products. Why?  Atoms are not created or destroyed in a chemical change.  Formulas for molecules cannot be changed.

8. Balanced Chemical Equation  When the reactants and products contain equal numbers of the same atom the chemical equation is balanced.  Balanced by the use of coefficients

9. Balanced Chemical Equation  Coefficients are numbers written in front of chemical formulas.  They indicate number of atoms or molecules of that substance. CH 4 + 2O 2  CO 2 + 2H 2 0 Coefficient

10. Balanced Chemical Equation  Physical state symbols are added to show the substance’s composition  ( s) – solid  (l) – liquid  (aq) – aqueous  (g) - gas CH 4(g) + 2O 2(g)  CO 2(g) + 2H 2 0 (l)

11. Balancing Equations CH 4 + O 2  CO 2 + H 2 0 Type of atom (symbol) # in reactants # in products C11 H42 023

12. Balancing Equations CH 4 + O 2  CO 2 + 2H 2 0 Type of atom (symbol) # in reactants # in products C11 H44 024

13. Balancing Equations CH 4 + 2O 2  CO 2 + 2H 2 0 Type of atom (symbol) # in reactants # in products C11 H44 044

14. Balanced Chemical Equation General Rules 1) Balance metals first. 2) Balance non-metals next (except hydrogen and oxygen). Polyatomic ions can be balanced as a group. 3) Balance hydrogen and oxygen last. 4) Ensure that the eqn is in lowest terms. 5) Check to ensure that there are the same # of each type of atom before and after the rxn

15. Balanced Chemical Equation  Use coefficients to change the number of atoms of an element.  Never change the subscripts.  Some equations may take longer than others to solve (be patient).