1. Age Considerations Impacts on Pesticide Exposure and Health Outcomes Helen Murphy – FNP, MHS Pacific Northwest Agricultural Safety and Health Center (PNASH) School of Public Health University of Washington

2. How would behavioral and biological attributes associated to each of these age groups impact pesticide exposure and its short or long term health effects? ToddlersYoung children & adolescents Young Male Adults Women of Childbearing Years Prenatal

3. Prenatal Exposures Prenatal exposure to chlorpyrifos, an organophosphate, is associated with neurodevelopmental effects in the child Increased odds of abnormal reflexes in neonates Increased odds of abnormal reflexes in neonates Poorer verbal IQ in 3½ and 5 year olds Poorer verbal IQ in 3½ and 5 year olds Increased odds of pervasive developmental disorder Increased odds of pervasive developmental disorder Whyatt RM et al. 2005, Ruah VA. et al, 2006, Young JG et al 2005, Roberts EM 2007

4. Toddlers GREATER EXPOSURE GREATER EXPOSURE Hand to mouth behaviors Hand to mouth behaviors SKIN contact with floors and lawns SKIN contact with floors and lawns Lighter less clothing Lighter less clothing Eats (12x) and drinks (2x) more per weight than adults Eats (12x) and drinks (2x) more per weight than adults GREATER ABSORPTION GREATER ABSORPTION  Breathing rates (1.7x more)  Breathing rates (1.7x more)  Heart rates  Heart rates  Skin surface/weight (2.7 x more)  Skin surface/weight (2.7 x more) GREATER SENSITIVITY GREATER SENSITIVITY Sensitive developing organs (reproductive, neurological) Sensitive developing organs (reproductive, neurological) Less ability to detoxify (immature hepatic cells) Less ability to detoxify (immature hepatic cells) Selevan SG, Kimmel CA, Mendola P. 2000

5. Children and Adolescents Physically still developing –biologic risks Physically still developing –biologic risks Dependency – Parental role in preventing exposures Dependency – Parental role in preventing exposures Sources of food and water Sources of food and water Home and school proximity to agriculture sites Home and school proximity to agriculture sites Para-occupational exposures Para-occupational exposures Household and school use of pesticides (structural, garden and pet pest control measures) Household and school use of pesticides (structural, garden and pet pest control measures) *Source: David C. Schwebel, Ph.D. Department of Psychology, University of Alabama at Birmingham

6. Children and Adolescents Risk taking behaviors* Risk taking behaviors* Learning by experimentation (e.g. Indonesia making rockets out of old pesticide containers) Learning by experimentation (e.g. Indonesia making rockets out of old pesticide containers) Perceptual development – overestimate physical abilities Perceptual development – overestimate physical abilities Social development – peers and sibling roles Social development – peers and sibling roles Impulse control – still developing by early 20’s Impulse control – still developing by early 20’s Cognitive development – affects following directions, doing what the rules say, remembering/ understanding rules, sense of invulnerability, planning and organizing, consequences of decisions. Cognitive development – affects following directions, doing what the rules say, remembering/ understanding rules, sense of invulnerability, planning and organizing, consequences of decisions.

7. Young Male Adults 81% of hired farm workers are male, 77% < age 44 81% of hired farm workers are male, 77% < age 44 Sole breadwinners are more likely to value work productivity over personal safety. Sole breadwinners are more likely to value work productivity over personal safety. Reproductive hazards possibly male mediated - e.g. spontaneous abortions (SAB) Reproductive hazards possibly male mediated - e.g. spontaneous abortions (SAB) Risk for SAB increased four fold if father did not use PPE (Arbuckle et al 1999) Risk for SAB increased four fold if father did not use PPE (Arbuckle et al 1999) Critical window for SAB risk is the 3 months of spermatogenesis prior to conception (Sanborn et al 2007) Critical window for SAB risk is the 3 months of spermatogenesis prior to conception (Sanborn et al 2007) Birth defect critical window pre conception and 1 st trimester (Sanborn et al 2007) Birth defect critical window pre conception and 1 st trimester (Sanborn et al 2007) Risk taking behaviors – sense of invulnerability Risk taking behaviors – sense of invulnerability Risks exposing families through work clothes, skin, and vehicles. ( see Work to Home Exposure Pathway slides ) Risks exposing families through work clothes, skin, and vehicles. ( see Work to Home Exposure Pathway slides )

8. Women of Child Bearing Years Women using hormonally active pesticides (lindane, atrazine, mancozeb or maneb) have 1.5 x increased odds of longer cycles, missing a period, mid cycle bleeding (Farr SL et al 2004 ) Women using hormonally active pesticides (lindane, atrazine, mancozeb or maneb) have 1.5 x increased odds of longer cycles, missing a period, mid cycle bleeding (Farr SL et al 2004 ) Studies suggest that occupational exposure to certain herbicides ( dicamba, glyphosate, 2,4-D ) fungicide- insecticides ( thiocarbamates ) increase the time needed to become pregnant by 20% (Curtis et al 1999) Studies suggest that occupational exposure to certain herbicides ( dicamba, glyphosate, 2,4-D ) fungicide- insecticides ( thiocarbamates ) increase the time needed to become pregnant by 20% (Curtis et al 1999) May not know they will become pregnant at the pre conception critical window of exposure relative to risks for birth defects (Sanborn et al 2007) May not know they will become pregnant at the pre conception critical window of exposure relative to risks for birth defects (Sanborn et al 2007) Risks exposing families through work clothes, skin, and vehicles (see Work to Home Exposure Pathway slides) Risks exposing families through work clothes, skin, and vehicles (see Work to Home Exposure Pathway slides)

9. References Selevan SG, Kimmel CA, Mendola P. Identifying critical windows of exposure for children's health. Environ Health Perspect. 2000 Jun;108 Suppl 3:451-5. Review Selevan SG, Kimmel CA, Mendola P. Identifying critical windows of exposure for children's health. Environ Health Perspect. 2000 Jun;108 Suppl 3:451-5. Review  Whyatt RM et al. Biomarkers in assessing residential insecticide exposures during pregnancy and effects on fetal growth. Tox Applied Pharm 206 (2): 246-254 AUG 7 2005 Ruah VA. et al. Years of Life Among Inner-City Children Impact of Prenatal Chlorpyrifos Exposure on Neurodevelopment in the First 3. Pediatrics 2006;18:1845-1859. Ruah VA. et al. Years of Life Among Inner-City Children Impact of Prenatal Chlorpyrifos Exposure on Neurodevelopment in the First 3. Pediatrics 2006;18:1845-1859. Young JG et al. Association between in utero organophosphate pesticide exposure and abnormal reflexes in neonates. Neurotoxicology. 2005 Mar;26(2):199-209. Young JG et al. Association between in utero organophosphate pesticide exposure and abnormal reflexes in neonates. Neurotoxicology. 2005 Mar;26(2):199-209.

10. References Roberts EM et al. Maternal residence near agricultural pesticide applications and autism spectrum disorders among children in the California Central Valley. Environ Health Perspect. 2007 Oct;115(10):1482-9 Roberts EM et al. Maternal residence near agricultural pesticide applications and autism spectrum disorders among children in the California Central Valley. Environ Health Perspect. 2007 Oct;115(10):1482-9 Arbuckle TE, Savitz DA, Mery LS, Curtis KM. Exposure to phenoxy herbicidesand the risk of spontaneous abortion. Epidemiology 1999;10:752-60. Arbuckle TE, Savitz DA, Mery LS, Curtis KM. Exposure to phenoxy herbicidesand the risk of spontaneous abortion. Epidemiology 1999;10:752-60. Sanborn M, Kerr KJ, Sanin LH, Cole DC, Bassil KL, Vakil C. Non-cancer health effects of pesticides: systematic review and implications for family doctors. Can Fam Physician. 2007 Oct;53(10):1712-20. Sanborn M, Kerr KJ, Sanin LH, Cole DC, Bassil KL, Vakil C. Non-cancer health effects of pesticides: systematic review and implications for family doctors. Can Fam Physician. 2007 Oct;53(10):1712-20. Farr SL, Cooper GS, Cai J, Savitz DA, Sandler DP. Pesticide use and menstrual cycle characteristics among premenopausal women in the Agricultural Health Study. (2004). Farr SL, Cooper GS, Cai J, Savitz DA, Sandler DP. Pesticide use and menstrual cycle characteristics among premenopausal women in the Agricultural Health Study. (2004). Curtis KM, Savitz DA, Weinberg CR, Arbuckle TE. The effect of pesticide exposure on time to pregnancy. Epidemiology. 1999 Mar;10(2):112-7. Curtis KM, Savitz DA, Weinberg CR, Arbuckle TE. The effect of pesticide exposure on time to pregnancy. Epidemiology. 1999 Mar;10(2):112-7.