1. Fig. 15-00

2. Fig. 15-01a Precambrian Common ancestor to all present-day life Origin of Earth Earth cool enough for crust to solidify Oldest prokaryotic fossils Atmospheric oxygen begins to appear due to photosynthetic prokaryotes Millions of years ago 4,5004,0003,5003,0002,500

3. Fig. 15-01b PaleozoicMesozoicCenozoic Bacteria Archaea Plants Fungi Animals Prokaryotes Eukaryotes Protists Oldest eukaryotic fossils Origin of multicellular organisms Oldest animal fossils Plants and symbiotic fungi colonize land Extinction of dinosaurs First humans Millions of years ago Cambrian explosion 2,0001,5001,0005000

4. Fig. 15-02 Humans Origin of solar system and Earth 1 4 0 23 Pre sent Animals Coloniz of land ation Multi eukar cellular yotes Sing eukar cel yotes le- led Atmo oxy sphe ric gen Bil ars ons of ago ye li kary otes Pro

5. Fig. 15-03

6. Fig. 15-04 Stanley Miller re-creating his 1953 experiment Miller and Urey’s experiment “Sea” H2OH2O Sample for chemical analysis Cooled water containing organic molecules Cold water Condenser Electrode “Atmosphere” Water vapor CH 4 NH 3 H2H2

7. Fig. 15-04a Stanley Miller re-creating his 1953 experiment

8. Fig. 15-04b Miller and Urey’s experiment “Sea” H2OH2O Sample for chemical analysis Cooled water containing organic molecules Cold water Condenser Water vapor CH 4 NH 3 H2H2 Electrode “Atmosphere”

9. Fig. 15-05 Original “gene” Complementary RNA chain

10. Fig. 15-06

11. Fig. 15-07 Colorized SEM

12. Fig. 15-08 SHAPES OF PROKARYOTIC CELLS Spherical (cocci)Rod-shaped (bacilli)Spiral Colorized SEM Colorized TEM

13. Fig. 15-08a Colorized SEM

14. Fig. 15-08b Colorized SEM

15. Fig. 15-08c Colorized TEM

16. Fig. 15-09 (a) Actinomycete(b) Cyanobacteria(c) Giant bacterium Colorized SEM LM

17. Fig. 15-09a (a) Actinomycete Colorized SEM

18. Fig. 15-09b (b) Cyanobacteria LM

19. Fig. 15-09c (c) Giant bacterium LM

20. Fig. 15-10 Plasma membrane Cell wall Rotary movement of each flagellum Flagellum Colorized TEM

21. Fig. 15-11 Endospore Colorized SEM

22. Fig. 15-12 MODES OF NUTRITION Light Chemical Chemoautotrophs Photoautotrophs Photoheterotrophs Chemoheterotrophs Energy source Elodea, an aquatic plant Rhodopseudomonas Little Owl (Athene noctua) Bacteria from a hot spring Organic compounds Carbon source CO 2 Colorized TEM

23. Fig. 15-12a

24. Fig. 15-12b Colorized TEM

25. Fig. 15-12c Colorized TEM

26. Fig. 15-12d

27. Fig. 15-13 (a) Salt-loving archaea(b) Heat-loving archaea

28. Fig. 15-13a (a) Salt-loving archaea

29. Fig. 15-13b (b) Heat-loving archaea

30. Fig. 15-14 Haemophilus influenzae Cells of nasal lining Colorized SEM

31. Fig. 15-15 “Bull’s-eye” rash Tick that carries the Lyme disease bacterium Spirochete that causes Lyme disease SEM

32. Fig. 15-15a “Bull’s-eye” rash

33. Fig. 15-15b Tick that carries the Lyme disease bacterium

34. Fig. 15-15c

35. Fig. 15-15d Spirochete that causes Lyme disease SEM

36. Fig. 15-16

37. Fig. 15-17 Liquid wastes Outflow Rotating spray arm Rock bed coated with aerobic prokaryotes and fungi

38. Fig. 15-18

39. Fig. 15-19

40. Fig. 15-20 (a) Origin of the endomembrane system(b) Origin of mitochondria and chloroplasts Plasma membrane Ancestral prokaryote DNA Cytoplasm Endoplasmic reticulum Membrane infolding Nucleus Nuclear envelope Cell with nucleus and endomembrane system Photosynthetic eukaryotic cell Photosynthetic prokaryote Aerobic heterotrophic prokaryote Endosymbiosis (Some cells) Mitochondrion Chloroplast

41. Fig. 15-20a (a) Origin of the endomembrane system Plasma membrane Ancestral prokaryote DNA Cytoplasm Endoplasmic reticulum Membrane infolding Nucleus Nuclear envelope Cell with nucleus and endomembrane system

42. Fig. 15-20b (b) Origin of mitochondria and chloroplasts Photosynthetic eukaryotic cell Photosynthetic prokaryote Aerobic heterotrophic prokaryote Endosymbiosis (Some cells) Mitochondrion Chloroplast

43. Fig. 15-21 A flagellate: Giardia A foramAn apicomplexan A ciliate An amoeba Another flagellate: trypanosomes Food being ingested Pseudopodium of amoeba Red blood cell LM TEM LM Colorized SEM Apical complex Cilia Oral groove

44. Fig. 15-21a A flagellate: Giardia Colorized SEM

45. Fig. 15-21b Another flagellate: trypanosomes Colorized SEM

46. Fig. 15-21c An amoeba LM

47. Fig. 15-21d A foram LM

48. Fig. 15-21e An apicomplexan TEM

49. Fig. 15-21f A ciliate LM

50. Fig. 15-22

51. Fig. 15-23 LM Amoeboid cells Slug-like colony Reproductive structure

52. Fig. 15-23a LM

53. Fig. 15-23b

54. Fig. 15-23c

55. Fig. 15-24 (a) A dinoflagellate, with its wall of protective plates (c) Chlamydomonas, a unicellular green alga with a pair of flagella (b) A sample of diverse diatoms, which have glossy walls (d) Volvox, a colonial green alga Colorized SEM SEM LM

56. Fig. 15-24a (a) A dinoflagellate, with its wall of protective plates SEM

57. Fig. 15-24b (b) A sample of diverse diatoms, which have glossy walls LM

58. Fig. 15-24c (c) Chlamydomonas, a unicellular green alga with a pair of flagella Colorized SEM

59. Fig. 15-24d (d) Volvox, a colonial green alga LM

60. Fig. 15-25 Green algaeRed algaeBrown algae

61. Fig. 15-25a Green algae

62. Fig. 15-25b Red algae

63. Fig. 15-25c Brown algae

64. Fig. 15-26-1 Unicellular protist Colony

65. Fig. 15-26-2 Unicellular protist Colony Locomotor cells Food-synthesizing cells Early multicellular organism with specialized, interdependent cells

66. Fig. 15-26-3 Unicellular protist Colony Locomotor cells Food-synthesizing cells Early multicellular organism with specialized, interdependent cells Later organism with gametes and somatic cells Somatic cells Gamete

67. Fig. 15-UN01 Bacteria Archaea Prokaryotes Eukarya Protists Plants Fungi Animals

68. Fig. 15-UN02 Bacteria Archaea Prokaryotes Eukarya Protists Plants Fungi Animals

69. Fig. 15-UN03 Major episodeMillions of years ago All major animal phyla established Plants and fungi colonize land Origin of Earth First multicellular organisms Oldest eukaryotic fossils Accumulation of O 2 in atmosphere Oldest prokaryotic fossils 500 530 1,200 1,800 2,400 3,500 4,600

70. Fig. 15-UN04 Inorganic compounds Abiotic synthesis of organic monomers Abiotic synthesis of polymers Formation of pre-cells Self-replicating molecules Membrane-enclosed compartment Complementary chain Polymer Organic monomers

71. Fig. 15-UN05 SphericalRod-shapedSpiral

72. Fig. 15-UN06 Nutritional ModeEnergy SourceCarbon Source Photoautotroph Chemoautotroph Photoheterotroph Chemoheterotroph Sunlight Inorganic chemicals Sunlight Organic compounds CO 2 Organic compounds

73. Fig. 15-UN07 Bacteria Archaea Prokaryotes Eukarya Protists Plants Fungi Animals

74. Fig. 15-UN08 Bacteria Archaea Prokaryotes Eukarya Protists Plants Fungi Animals