1. Precision and Accuracy Agreement Indices in HSP An Introduction to Rietveld Refinement using PANalytical X’Pert HighScore Plus v2.2d Scott A Speakman, Ph.D. MIT Center for Materials Science and Engineering speakman@mit.edu

2. There are two different questions: How good is my fit? How good is my answer? One question is easier to answer in HSP One question is more important... What are the chances these are the same questions?

3. How Good is My Fit? HSP gives you many numerical indicators of how good your Rietveld model has been refined –Rp: residual of least-squares refinement –wRp: weighted residual –GOF: goodness of fit During refinement, you see a plot of Rp as it improves (hopefully) during the refinement Numerically, you can consult Rp, wRp, and GOF indices to judge how good your fit is

4. Residuals R p quantifies the difference between the observed and calculated data points on a point-by-point basis R wp weights the residual so that higher intensity data points are more important than low intensity data points –the rationale for using R wp : fitting the diffraction peaks is more important than fitting the background –R wp is unfavorable in some situations where the important information is contained in the weakest peaks distortions in perovskites discerning between ordered and/or disordered system In general, you want R p or R wp to be less than 10%

5. Accounting for Data Quality R p and R wp simply compare the calculated pattern to the data –you will never have a perfect fit because all data contains noise –HSP does not model noise R exp evaluates the quality of the data –data with more noise or low peak intensities will have a larger R exp –theoretically, your R wp can never be better than the R exp GOF compares R wp to R exp –a GOF=1 means the model is as good as possible –want GOF less than 4 –two ways to improve GOF better model or noisier data be careful your GOF isn’t good because your data is bad

6. How to find the agreement indices After refinement, the agreement indices are shown in the bottom status bar –this information disappears as soon as the mouse shifts focus to something else ie as soon as the mouse floats over something else this makes this information very elusive- it disappears quickly

7. To Hunt Down the Agreement Indices Indices can be found in the Object Inspector pane for Global Parameters You can find help references in 9.Algorithms > +Rietveld Algorithm

8. Individual Phase Residuals R p, R wp, and GOF evaluate how well the entire Rietveld model fits the entire data set R Bragg attempts to evaluate how well individual phases are fit –allows you to discern if phase 1 is well fit and phase 2 is poorly fit –Find R Bragg in the Object Inspector for each individual phase

9. Other ways to evaluate your fit Visual Estimation Difference Pattern Equations can be fooled, so you must always use your eyes

10. What do the agreement indices really tell us? Agreement indices evaluate how well the calculated pattern produced by the Rietveld model fits the experimental data –does not account for poor or incorrect data –the model may be wrong The only true evaluation of your results- does this make sense? –bond distances and angles –difference Fourier maps –what else is known about the sample complementary data

11. If the refinement produced significant changes in lattice parameter or atom positions, then check the new bond distances and angles for reasonableness go to Distances and Angles list –Select the Phase from the drop-down menu –Click Calculate get options by clicking on … button

12. Evaluating Precision- the Estimated Standard Deviation (ESD) The ESD is shown in the Deviation Column in the Refinement Control list OR in the Object Inspector for individual parameters ESD quantifies the amount that a parameter could change without changing the R wp of the refinement –the amount of wobble or wiggle in that parameter –the smallest the error in that parameter could be if everything else is perfect

13. ESD is horribly misused in published literature ESD tells you how precisely the parameter is coupled to your refined data –a small ESD indicates that changes in the parameter will have a large effect on the fit of the calculated pattern to your experimental data we have a precise fit we do not necessarily have a precise or accurate answer! example: we may not have allowed another variable to refine appropriately –a large ESD indicates that changes in the parameter does not significantly effect the goodness of the fitfit why? –our measurement is not sensitive to that parameter »Example: O atoms refined alongside Pb atoms –our data is not good enough to refine that parameter –we have too many correlating variables ESD is not a standard deviation nor does it give you error bars True standard deviation- refine data sets from several different samples

14. Testing the Solution The numbers that HSP give you quantify how well the calculated pattern fits the experimental data, nothing more To test the solution –Probe for false minima false minima in finding the lowest possible residual even the true minima might not be the correct answer Change a parameter, then refine again –do you achieve the same answer? –genetic fitting algorithms use this methodology to better avoid false minima– may be added in HSP soon? –Refine a second data set from the same sample –Refine a data set from a different sample of the same population

15. What is the Real Answer? Question the First: is the solution realistic, reasonable, and reproducible? Question the Second: does the answer agree with other complementary data? Question the Third: how much accuracy do I really need? –how much time and resources am I willing to invest to get accuracy? The key for QA and routine analyses- consistency

16. Testing your procedures- particularly for QPA for QPA analysis, in particular, you can make sure that your procedure is valid by testing standard mixtures –it is always easier to get the right solution when you already know the answer! make standard mixtures of the phases found in your sample –use the exact same procedure for preparing the sample, collecting the data, and refining the model –test mixtures with a range of concentrations to evaluate the ability to quantify a phase when it is present as the majority phase and when it is present as a trace phase

17. Spiking to evaluate QPA if you don’t have single phase analogues for all of your materials, then use one or two of your actual samples –do the QPA with original sample –add a known amount of a single phase specimen that is analogous to one of the ingredients in your sample –repeat the QPA –add more of the standard specimen to your sample and repeat the QPA again by making sure that the calculated amounts of the standard phase tracks properly with your standard additions, you can gain confidence in your refinement procedure by using several different levels of standard additions, you can avoid errors from amorphous content (expected or unexpected)