3. Roll No.Name 41.RATIYA RAJU 42.SATANI DARSHANA 43.SAVALIYA MILAN 44.SISARA GOVIND 45.VALGAMA HARDIK 46.VADHER DARSHAK 47.VADOLIYA MILAN 48.VALA GOPAL 49.SHINGADIYA SHYAM 50.KARUD LUKMAN

5. AC Definitions : One effective ampere is that ac current for which the power is the same as for one ampere of dc current. One effective volt is that ac voltage that gives an effective ampere through a resistance of one ohm. Effective current: i eff = 0.707 i max Effective voltage: V eff = 0.707 V max

6. Pure Resistance in AC Circuits A a.c. Source R V Voltage and current are in phase, and Ohm’s law applies for effective currents and voltages. Ohm’s law: V eff = i eff R V max i max Voltage Current

7. AC and Inductors : Time, t I i Current Rise  0.63I Inductor The voltage V peaks first, causing rapid rise in i current which then peaks as the emf goes to zero. Voltage leads (peaks before) the current by 90 0. Voltage and current are out of phase. Time, t I i Current Decay  0.37I Inductor

8. A Pure Inductor in AC Circuit A L V a.c. V max i max Voltage Current The voltage peaks 90 0 before the current peaks. One builds as the other falls and vice versa. The reactance may be defined as the non-resistive opposition to the flow of ac current.

9. Inductive Reactance A L V a.c. The back emf induced by a changing current provides opposition to current, called inductive reactance X L. Such losses are temporary, however, since the current changes direction, periodically re-supplying energy so that no net power is lost in one cycle. Inductive reactance X L is a function of both the inductance and the frequency of the ac current.

10. Calculating Inductive Reactance A L V a.c. Inductive Reactance: The voltage reading V in the above circuit at the instant the ac current is i can be found from the inductance in H and the frequency in Hz. Ohm’s law: V L = i eff X L

11. AC and Capacitance Time, t Q max q Rise in Charge Capacitor  0.63 I Time, t I i Current Decay Capacitor  0.37 I The voltage V peaks ¼ of a cycle after the current i reaches its maximum. The voltage lags the current. Current i and V out of phase.

12. A Pure Capacitor in AC Circuit V max i max Voltage Current A V a.c. C The voltage peaks 90 0 after the current peaks. One builds as the other falls and vice versa. The diminishing current i builds charge on C which increases the back emf of V C.

13. Capacitive Reactance No net power is lost in a complete cycle, even though the capacitor does provide non-resistive opposition (reactance) to the flow of ac current. Capacitive reactance X C is affected by both the capacitance and the frequency of the ac current. A V a.c. C Energy gains and losses are also temporary for capacitors due to the constantly changing ac current.

14. Calculating capacitive Reactance Capacitive Reactance: The voltage reading V in the above circuit at the instant the ac current is i can be found from the inductance in F and the frequency in Hz. A V a.c. C Ohm’s law: V C = i eff X C

15. Frequency and AC Circuits f R, X Resistance R is constant and not affected by f. Inductive reactance X L varies directly with frequency as expected since E  i/  t. Inductive reactance X L varies directly with frequency as expected since E   i/  t. Capacitive reactance X C varies inversely with f since rapid ac allows little time for charge to build up on capacitors. R XLXLXLXL XCXCXCXC

16. Series LRC Circuits L VRVR VCVC CR a.c. VLVL VTVT A Series ac circuit Consider an inductor L, a capacitor C, and a resistor R all connected in series with an ac source. The instantaneous current and voltages can be measured with meters.

17. Phase in a Series AC Circuit The voltage leads current in an inductor and lags current in a capacitor. In phase for resistance R.  45 0 90 0 135 0 180 0 270 0 360 0 V V = V max sin  VRVR VCVC VLVL Rotating phasor diagram generates voltage waves for each element R, L, and C showing phase relations. Current i is always in phase with V R.

18. Phasors and Voltage At time t = 0, suppose we read V L, V R and V C for an ac series circuit. What is the source voltage V T ? We handle phase differences by finding the vector sum of these readings. V T =  V i. The angle  is the phase angle for the ac circuit.  VRVR V L - V C VTVTVTVT Source voltage VRVR VCVC VLVL Phasor Diagram

19. Calculating Total Source Voltage  VRVR V L - V C VTVTVTVT Source voltage Treating as vectors, we find: Now recall that: V R = iR; V L = iX L ; and V C = iV C Substitution into the above voltage equation gives:

20. Impedance in an AC Circuit  R X L - X C ZImpedance Impedance Z is defined: Ohm’s law for ac current and impedance: The impedance is the combined opposition to ac current consisting of both resistance and reactance.

21. Resonant Frequency Because inductance causes the voltage to lead the current and capacitance causes it to lag the current, they tend to cancel each other out. Resonance (Maximum Power) occurs when X L = X C R XCXC XLXL X L = X C Resonant f r X L = X C

22. Power in an AC Circuit No power is consumed by inductance or capacitance. Thus power is a function of the component of the impedance along resistance: In terms of ac voltage: P = iV cos  In terms of the resistance R: P = i 2 R  R X L - X C ZImpedance P lost in R only The fraction Cos  is known as the power factor.

23. Summary Effective current: i eff = 0.707 i max Effective voltage: V eff = 0.707 V max Inductive Reactance:Capacitive Reactance:

24. Summary (Cont.)

25. In terms of ac voltage: P = iV cos  In terms of the resistance R: P = i 2 R Power in AC Circuits: