THE STUDY OF SKIN Have you ever wondered why your fingers and toes wrinkle in the bathtub and why it doesn’t happen to the rest of our body parts? To answer.

THE STUDY OF SKIN Have you ever wondered why your fingers and toes wrinkle in the bathtub and why it doesn’t happen to the rest of our body parts? To answer that, we’re going to take a journey into the layers of the skin, which will be just one of many topics we will learn about in this chapter. The skin is the largest organ of the human body, and certainly a vary valuable one. One of its primary functions is to shield and protect our body from injury like the heart, the lungs, our blood vessels. Imagine if we didn’t have skin to cover and protect us. How weird would that be? It would be like something out of a horror movie! The fact is, our skin is a wondrous part of the human body. Many of us beautify it and keep it healthy as much as we can so it can continue to protect us, keep us warm, and respond to touch. In this chapter, The Study of Skin, you will learn about the functions of the skin, the diseases and disorders that can afflict it and how you can use your knowledge to perform skin-related services that will expand upon your skills as a salon professional. This presentation was adapted to outline Chapter 15 of Pivot Point Cosmetology Fundamentals Textbook 1

Central Message Healthy, glowing, attractive skin can be achieved through professional skin care, hair removal and makeup application Professional skin care offers clients the opportunity to understand and care for their skin. They can learn from their salon professional what type of skin they have, what techniques and products to use to give off a healthy, attractive glow, and what techniques they can use at home to maintain healthy skin. Every client that walks into a salon is looking to improve their appearance. It is your job to point your clients in the right direction to achieve that.

The Study of Skin Learning Goals
Following this lesson on The Study of Skin, you will be able to: Define the function, composition and types of skin Identify disorders and diseases of the skin Explain and demonstrate the steps and massage techniques used during a basic facial Your review of The Study of the Skin will begin by discussing the function, composition and types of skin. The second goal most important to you as a professional. This is where you will learn how to identify disorders and diseases of the skin. It is in this area that you will be coming in contact with some new scientific terms and descriptions and will learn how to recognize any problems that would prevent you from performing a skin care service. The third goal involves learning massage techniques used during a basic facial. You will learn the five basic movements of massage, the preparation, procedure and completion steps used throughout a basic facial.

DID YOU KNOW? Skin is the largest organ of the body; it makes up approximately 7% of your body weight! Did you know that skin is the largest organ of the body? When most people think about the body’s organs, the heart, the lungs or kidneys usually come to mind. But the skin is a very important organ and is our only barrier against the ecosystem. It makes up approximately 7% of your body weight! So, if you weigh 120 pounds, approximately 8 pounds of your total weight comes from skin!

The Study of Skin Advance Organizer SKIN THEORY Functions of the Skin
Composition of the Skin Types of Skin Here are the three topic areas that make up the first lesson. Functions of the skin, composition of the skin & types of skin. Learning about the layers, composition and the diseases and disorders of the skin are topic areas that you will be tested on during the written professional licensure exam, so it will be helpful for you to diligently prepare by taking notes.

SKIN THEORY Key Terms Dermatology Subcutaneous Epidermis Melanin
Key terms for this lesson include Dermatology which is the study of skin, its structure, functions, diseases and treatment. Epidermis which makes up the outer layers of the skin. Dermis layer which is composed of connective tissues that give skin its elastic quality. Subcutaneous is tissue that acts as a protective cushion for the skin. Melanin which is pigment that is responsible for giving us our skin color and tanning the skin to protect it from the rays of the sun. Dermatology Subcutaneous Epidermis Melanin Dermis 6

SKIN THEORY Dermatology: the study of skin, its structure, functions, diseases and treatment The Skin… Largest organ of the body Covers the entire body Protects from invasion of outside particles The study of the skin, its structure, functions, diseases and treatment is called dermatology and a medical skin specialist is called a dermatologist. As a salon professional, it is important for you to have a basic understanding of skin and the skin care services offered in the salon. In the skin care industry, esthetics is known as the process of cleansing, toning, moisturizing, protecting and enhancing the skin. As you have already learned, skin is the largest organ of the body, covering the entire body. Except for the brain, the skin is the most complex organ of the body. Your skin is continuously working in its own efficient manner as an intermediary between your body and your environment, performing many functions.

FUNCTIONS OF THE SKIN Six Basic Functions
Sensation: Senses of heat, cold, pain and pressure Secretion: Secretes sebum that keeps skin soft, supple and pliable; prevents bacteria from invading the skin Absorption: Permits water and oxygen to pass through tissues Regulation: Helps maintain the body’s temperature Protection: Shields the body from impact of heat, cold, bacteria, and other environmental aspects Excretion: Eliminates sweat, salt and wastes from the body The skin’s six basic functions are: Sensation - the skin works to let the brain be aware of heat, cold, pain and pressure. Secretion – the skin secretes sebum that keeps skin soft, supple and pliable and prevents bacteria from invading the skin supple and pliable; prevents bacteria from invading the skin Absorption - the skin helps water and oxygen pass through tissues Regulation - the skin helps maintain the body’s temperature Protection - the skin also shields your body from the heat, cold, bacteria and other aspects of the environment that can be harmful to your health Excretion - finally, the skin helps eliminate sweat, salt and wastes from the body 8

COMPOSITION OF THE SKIN
3 Main Layers Epidermis: outermost layer of the skin Dermis: underlying, or inner, layer of the skin Subcutaneous: located below the dermis layer and is composed primarily of fatty tissue YouTube Video Link: How the Body Works - Skin Let’s look at the composition of the skin. There are three main layers of the skin: Epidermis Dermis Subcutaneous The epidermis is the outermost layer of the skin. The dermis is the underlying, or inner, layer of the skin. The subcutaneous layer is located below the dermis layer and is composed primarily of fatty (adipose) tissue. <iframe width="420" height="315" src=" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen></iframe>

Epidermis Epidermis: outermost layer of the skin; composed of 5 layers of cells with differing characteristics and no blood vessels Stratum Corneum Stratum Lucidum Stratum Granulosum The epidermis is the outermost layer of the skin and is composed of five sublayers that consist of cells of different characteristics. The epidermis contains no blood vessels, which is why the epidermis works as a shield to protect you from the environment. Here are the five layers of the epidermis. Let’s start at the lowest level and work our way up. The lowest level is the stratum germinativum. Then, the stratum spinosum, the stratum granulosum, the stratum lucidum and finally, the top layer being the stratum corneum. Stratum Spinosum Stratum Germinativum

Epidermis Stratum Germinativum Skin cell growth occurs through mitosis or cell division Keratinization of cells begins Contains melanocytes Keratinization: chemical conversion of living cells into dead protein cells Melanocytes: produce melanosomes containing melanin, which gives skin its color The stratum germinativum begins with the stratum basale, or basal cell layer. It is the basal cell layer where skin cell growth occurs through a process of cell division called mitosis. During mitosis, basal cells are being constantly reproduced and pushed to the surface of the skin to replace dead ones that get shed. Keratinization, the process that converts living skin cells into dead ones, helps move this process along. Melanocytes are also found in this layer. Melanocytes produce melanosomes, which contain pigment called melanin. Melanin is what gives your skin its color. The more melanin found in the skin, the darker the skin color is. Melanin also blocks the ultraviolet rays of the sun by tanning the skin, thus protecting it.

Epidermis Stratum Spinosum Includes cells that have absorbed melanin to distribute pigmentation to other cells Become irregularly shaped and appear as spines between the cells The stratum spinosum lies above the stratum germinativum, and contains cells that help distribute melanin to other cells. It’s sometimes considered part of the stratum germinativum. Called the “spiny” layer, the cells here absorb the melanin found in the stratum germinativum and become irregularly shaped, resembling a triangular or “spiny” look. To remember this layer and its function, think of “spiny” and “spinosum.”

Epidermis Stratum Granulosum Contains cells that look like many tiny granules on their way to the surface to replace cells that are shed In the stratum granulosum layer, the cells are more regularly shaped and resemble tiny granules. This is actually how this layer gets its name - from granules! Think of “granules” and “granulosum”. These almost dead cells are on their way to the surface of the skin to replace those are that already dead at the stratum corneum layer, just one above this one.

Epidermis Stratum Lucidum Found only on the palms of hands and soles of feet, where there are no hair follicles Contains cells that are more flattened and transparent The cells of this layer are called squamous cells due to their flat, scale-like appearance, thus making the skin thickest on the palms of the hands and soles of feet Take a look at the palms of your hand. You’ll notice that, unlike, the rest of your body, there is no hair found there, nor on the soles of your feet. That’s because these parts of your body have an extra layer of cells called the stratum lucidum. Here, the cells are very flat and transparent. These cells are called squamous cells. The word, “squamous”, means covered with scales. The word takes its name from the way these cells look—like scales. Because of these cells’ characteristics, you’ll find that the skin on the palms of your hands and the soles of your feet is the thickest on the body.

Epidermis Stratum Corneum Toughest layer of the epidermis Composed of keratin proteins that shed continually and are replaced with new cells Protects all lower layers of the skin The top layer of the epidermis, the stratum corneum, is the toughest layer of the skin and is composed of keratin protein cells that are constantly shed and replaced through keratinization, a process that occurs in the stratum germinativum. One of the more important functions of the stratum corneum is that it acts to protect the layers underneath it. You’ve just learned about the five layers of the epidermis. Similar to how the stratum corneum protects the other four layers beneath it, the epidermis helps protect the dermis and the subcutaneous under it.

Dermis Dermis: (“True Skin” or Corium) underlying, or inner, layer of the skin; made up of connective tissues The dermis contains... Sudoriferous glands Sebaceous glands Sensory nerve endings and receptors Blood vessels Arrector pili muscles Major portions of hair follicles The second layer of the skin is the dermis, which is also called the “true skin” or corium. It is made of connective tissues, which themselves contain collagen protein and elastin fibers. These elements give the skin its elastic, stretchy quality. Collagen and elastin help keep the skin soft and pliable. The dermis is where collagen and elastin deteriorate as we get older, which explains why we sag and wrinkle during the aging process. Also found in the dermis are the sudoriferous and sebaceous glands, sensory nerve endings and receptors, blood vessels, arrector pili muscles and a major portion of the hair follicle.

Dermis Sudoriferous (Sweat) Glands: consist of a coiled base and tube-like duct opening on the surface of the skin to form a sweat pore Sudoriferous Gland 3 Major Functions Control and regulate body temperature Excrete waste products Help maintain acidic pH factor of skin The sudoriferous gland is controlled by the nervous system of the body. Each gland consists of a coiled base and tube-like duct opening at the surface of the skin to form a sweat pore. The three main functions of the this gland are to: Control and regulate the body temperature by releasing sweat onto the skin’s surface; help to cool the skin and maintain body temperature Excrete waste products such as salt or other chemicals Help maintain the acidic pH factor of the skin; keeping the skin slightly acidic helps prevent bacteria from entering the body

Dermis Sebaceous (Oil) Glands: sac-like glands attached to hair follicles that produce sebum 2 to 3 times larger around facial hair follicles than around scalp follicles Cause “oily skin” when an over-abundance of sebum is produced Not found on the palms of hands or soles of feet Sebaceous Gland As you start to build your clientele, you will encounter many clients with different types of skin. A common skin type is oily skin, and a client with oily skin has glands that tend to overproduce oil, which is also known as sebum. The sebaceous glands are responsible for producing sebum to keep the skin moisturized. Sebaceous glands are sac-like glands attached to the hair follicles. They are 2 to 3 times larger around facial hair follicles than they are around scalp follicles, so more sebum is produced on your face than on your scalp. When the glands produce an overabundance of sebum, the result is oily skin. No oil glands are found on the palms of the hands or soles of the feet.

Dermis Sebum: complex secretion containing a high percentage of fatty, oily substances Acid mantle: layer of oil and moisture on the surface of the skin Keeps skin smooth Prevents dirt and grime from entering the outer layer of the epidermis Prevents skin from drying or chapping As I mentioned, sebum is an oily secretion containing a high percentage of fatty, oily substances. The sebum, mixed with secretions from the sweat glands, create a layer of oil and moisture called the acid mantle. The acid mantle keeps the skin smooth, prevents dirt and grime from entering the outer layers of the epidermis and prevents the skin from drying and chapping. When you’re measuring the pH of the skin, you’re actually measuring the pH of the acid mantle. The pH of the skin is naturally acidic in the range.

Subcutaneous Subcutaneous: fatty layer below the dermis that is a protective cushion for the skin Acts as a shock absorber for bones Supports delicate structures such as blood vessels and nerve endings Gives contour and shape to body Provides an emergency reservoir of food and water Subcutaneous Tissue The third main layer of the skin is the subcutaneous layer. This layer is located below the dermis and provides a protective cushion for the skin. Because this layer is farther below the epidermis and the dermis and closer to the bones, it acts as a shock absorber for the bones and supports delicate structures such as blood vessels and nerve endings. It also gives the body its contour and shape and acts as an emergency reservoir of food and water.

Subcutaneous Subcutaneous Layer Contains... Blood vessels that transport nourishment to skin and nerves Sense organs for touch, pressure and temperature Nerves that respond to pain The subcutaneous layer is chock full of many important features that characterize your skin. For starters, the layer contains large blood vessels that help transport nourishment to the skin and nerves. This layer also contains sudoriferous glands and sense organs that help you feel cold, heat, pressure and touch.

Skin Pigmentation Melanin is distributed throughout all epidermal cells and forms an effective barrier from the penetration of ultraviolet rays to deeper layers of the skin Melanin tans the skin to protect it from the burning rays of the sun As previously mentioned, melanin-producing cells called melanocytes are located in the basal layer of the epidermis. These cells, loaded with melanin, move toward the surface at a faster rate than other cells. Melanin is distributed throughout all epidermal cells and forms an effective barrier from the penetration of ultraviolet rays to the deeper layers of the skin. Melanin tans the skin to protect it from the burning rays of the sun. Light and dark skin do not differ in the number of melanocytes they contain. Rather, they differ in the rate and amount of melanin produced. Dark skin contains more melanin, while light, pale skin contains less melanin. Dark skin contains more melanin while light skin contains less melanin

Skin Pigmentation Sunscreen: product developed to help the skin from absorbing ultraviolet rays Rating system that allows you to determine how long you can stay out in the sun without burning SPF (Sun Protection Factor) SPF 15 indicates you can be out than you could without any protection at all in the sun 15 times longer SPF is a rating system that allows consumers to protect themselves from the sun. It’s found in sunscreen, but many skin care manufacturers are now creating products such as moisturizers, foundations and even lipsticks with sunscreen. The SPF rating system allows you to determine how long you can stay out of the sun without burning. For example, a product with an SPF of 15 indicates that you can be out in the sun 15 times longer than you could with no protection. A product with an SPF of 45 helps you stay in the sun 45 times longer than with no protection, and so on. Other factors such as skin type should also be taken into consideration. Studies show that 90% of wrinkles are caused by excessive exposure to the sun, and only 10% by the natural aging process. Chapter 15 The Study of Skin Skin Theory 23

TYPES OF SKIN Four Basic Skin Types Dry Oily Normal Combination
With each client that walks into the salon, you’ll notice that while sharing similar skin structure each has different characteristics to their skin. There are four basic types of skin: Dry Oily Normal Combination

TYPES OF SKIN 1. Dry Signs such as peeling and flaking Chaps easily
Fewer blemishes and not prone to acne Treatment program is essential to supply moisture lacks sebaceous activity Oil Dry Skin Dry skin is characterized by signs such as peeling and flaking. It chaps easily, has few blemishes and is usually not prone to acne. If a client tells you that their skin feels taut, most likely their skin is dry. There are two types of dry skin: oil dry and moisture dry. Oil dry skin has difficulty producing oil from the sebaceous glands while moisture dry skin lacks water. The best way to treat clients with dry skin is to ensure their skin is constantly moisturized using emollients and lubricants to keep the skin smooth, soft and healthy. lacks water Moisture Dry Skin

TYPES OF SKIN 2. Oily All-over shiny look and/or rough texture with blackheads and enlarged pores Oil appears in “T” zone, or the chin, nose, nasal-labial groove and forehead Treatment program is important to keep oily skin in an “acid-balanced” condition A client with oily skin has the opposite problem of a client with dry skin. A client with oily skin will have a shiny look and/or a rough texture from blackheads as well as enlarged pores. Most of the oil you’ll see will appear on the “T” zone area, usually on the chin, the nose, nasal-labial groove and the forehead. The best method to keep the oil under control is to keep the skin “acid-balanced”. 26

TYPES OF SKIN 3. Normal Very rare and quite beautiful
Fresh and healthy color, a firm, moist, and smooth texture, freedom from blackheads and blemishes, and does not appear oily Simple but consistent skin care routine is required 4. Combination Recognized by the shiny “T” zone and dryness in cheek, jaw line and hairline areas Most specialized skin regimen is required The third skin type is normal skin. This type possesses a fresh, healthy color and a firm, smooth texture that is free from blackheads and blemishes. It should not appear oily, meaning that the skin is “acid-balanced”. All this skin type requires to maintain its balance is a simple, but consistent skin care routine. The most common skin type is combination skin. It’s called “combination” because it has qualities of both dry and oily skin. There may be dryness in the cheek, jaw line and hairline areas, but an excess of oil in the “T” zone area. You may see blackheads and enlarged pores on the nose and chin. Treatment for this type of skin requires a specialized skin regimen in order to stabilize the oily areas and moisturize dry areas.

85% Beyond the Book Skin Theory
of skin cancer cases are caused by excessive exposure to the sun Sunlight is the main source of UV radiation, in addition to tanning lamps and booths. Any exposure to light from these sources increases your risk for skin cancer, including melanoma. Skin cancer is a serious disease that is quickly growing to afflict more and more people in the world. It is actually the fastest growing type of cancer in the United States. Figures estimate that 85% of skin cancer cases are caused by excessive exposure to the sun. 28

so you can recognize any problems that would
SKIN DISEASES AND DISORDERS Next Lesson… Be familiar with skin disorders and diseases so you can recognize any problems that would prevent you from performing a skin care service As we move into learning about skin diseases and disorders, keep in mind that it’s important to be familiar with all the diseases and disorders so that you can recognize any problems that would prevent you from performing a skin care service. This precaution is both for you and your client’s health and safety.

SKIN THEORY Self-Check - On a sheet of paper numbered 1-4, answer the following questions. The study of the skin’s structure, functions, diseases and treatments is called __________. The three main layers of the skin are the __________ , the __________ and the __________. T or F Sebum tans skin to protect it fromthe burning rays of the sun. 4. What are the four types of skin? Answer questions 1-4. You should be able to answer 3 of the questions correctly to reflect an understanding of 75% of the information you have just studied.

KNOW CHART As you correct your answers, evaluate your progress. Create a Know Chart with 2 columns. Place correct answers from the Self-Check under the “I Know” column. Then place incorrect answers under the “I Need to Study” column. I Know: I Need to Study: 1. 2. 3. 4. 1. 2. 3. 4. Create your Know Chart on a separate piece of paper. Remember, the goal is to get at least 3 out of 4 questions correct. 31

SKIN THEORY Self-Check - Now it is time to check your answers.
The study of the skin’s structure, functions, diseases and treatments is called __________. The three main layers of the skin are the __________ , the __________ and the _____________. T or F Sebum tans skin to protect it from the burning rays of the sun. What are the four types of skin? Dry Skin, Oily Skin, Normal Skin, Combination Skin dermatology epidermis dermis subcutaneous How are you doing? Hopefully you got at least 3 correct.

   SKIN THEORY Face the Facts Functions of the Skin
Dermatology is the study of the skin, its structure, function, diseases and treatment The skin is the largest organ of the body The six basic functions of the skin are sensation, secretion, absorption, regulation, protection and excretion    Remember that dermatology is the study of the skin. A dermatologist is someone who studies the skin and can recommend proper treatment. Keep in mind that the skin is the largest organ of the body, and that its basic functions include keeping your body hydrated, warm, protected and clean. ________ 33

      SKIN THEORY Face the Facts Composition of the Skin
The skin has three main layers: epidermis, dermis and subcutaneous The epidermis is composed of five layers of cells The dermis includes the sudoriferous and sebaceous glands The subcutaneous tissue is a protective layer Melanin tans the skin to protect it from the burning rays of the sun      The three main layers of the skin are the epidermis, the dermis and the subcutaneous layer. Within the epidermis alone, there are five layers of cells. Keep in mind that the epidermis contains layers that help promote cell growth while the dermis contains the two glands that secrete substances onto the skin: the sudoriferous and the sebaceous glands. The subcutaneous layer, the third layer of the skin, works mainly to protect the body underneath the skin, such as certain invasive environmental elements such as ultraviolet rays from the sun. Remember that there are four common skin types: dry, oily, normal and combination. Different methods of skin care services are required for the different types of skin. ________ Types of Skin The surface of the skin falls into four basic types: dry, oily, normal and combination  34

SKIN THEORY Group Assignment:
With the assorted materials given to each assigned group, you will create a 3-D model or poster of the following terms: Group 1: Functions of the skin Group 2: Composition of the skin - epidermis Group 3: Composition of the skin - dermis Group 4: Composition of the skin - subcutaneous Group 5: Composition of the skin - skin pigmentation Group 6: Types of skin The three main layers of the skin are the epidermis, the dermis and the subcutaneous layer. Within the epidermis alone, there are five layers of cells. Keep in mind that the epidermis contains layers that help promote cell growth while the dermis contains the two glands that secrete substances onto the skin: the sudoriferous and the sebaceous glands. The subcutaneous layer, the third layer of the skin, works mainly to protect the body underneath the skin, such as certain invasive environmental elements such as ultraviolet rays from the sun. Remember that there are four common skin types: dry, oily, normal and combination. Different methods of skin care services are required for the different types of skin. 35

THE STUDY OF SKIN Have you ever wondered why your fingers and toes wrinkle in the bathtub and why it doesn’t happen to the rest of our body parts? To answer.

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THE STUDY OF SKIN Have you ever wondered why your fingers and toes wrinkle in the bathtub and why it doesn’t happen to the rest of our body parts? To answer.

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Presentation on theme: "THE STUDY OF SKIN Have you ever wondered why your fingers and toes wrinkle in the bathtub and why it doesn’t happen to the rest of our body parts? To answer."— Presentation transcript:

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