1. SQL—Query Power From the DB2 textbook

2. Expressive Power Topics 5.1 Case Expressions 5.2 Subqueries—Table expressions 5.3 Table Functions (later) 5.4 Explicit Joins—left, right, full outer joins 5.5 Extended FROM Clause 5.6 Super-groups OLAPs (later) 5.7 Common Table Expression--WITH 5.8 Recursion

3. ***** CASE Expressions *****; CREATE TABLE officers (name Varchar(20), status Integer, rank Varchar(20), title Varchar(20)); INSERT INTO officers VALUES ('Miner', 1, 'Major', NULL), ('Bligh', 2, 'Captain', NULL), ('Strangelove', 3, NULL, 'Doctor'), ('Kirk', 8, 'Captain', NULL); SELECT name, CASE status WHEN 1 THEN 'Active Duty' WHEN 2 THEN 'Reserve' WHEN 3 THEN 'Special Assignment' WHEN 4 THEN 'Retired' ELSE 'Unknown' END AS status FROM officers; E TABLE vehicles (LICENSE integer, RENEWAL_DATE date, TYPE varchar(10), WEIGHT decimal(7,2), NWHEELS smallint); INSERT INTO vehicles VALUES (111, '10-03-1994', 'Truck', 7500, 6), (555, '01-06-1997', 'Car', 5500, 4), (7292, '02-02-1993', 'Car', 6000, 5), (55775, '07-24-1995', 'Motorcycle', 2200, 2), (3364, '08-25-1995', 'Bike', 50, 2); SELECT license, CASE type WHEN 'Car' THEN 0.05 * weight WHEN 'Truck' THEN 25.00 * nwheels WHEN 'Motorcycle' THEN 35.00 ELSE NULL END AS fee FROM vehicles WHERE year(renewal_date) < 1995;

4. More on CASE CREATE TABLE machines (SERIALNO integer, TYPE varchar(15), YEAR smallint, HOURS_USED float, ACCIDENTS smallint); INSERT INTO machines VALUES (101, 'sand blaster', 1997, 5000, 10), (102, 'sand blaster', 1997, 15000, 5), (201, 'chain saw', 1997, 1000, 5), (202, 'chain saw', 1997, 500, 0), (301, 'flame thrower', 1997, 0, 0); SELECT type, CASE WHEN sum(hours_used) > 0 THEN sum(accidents)/sum(hours_used) ELSE NULL END AS accident_rate FROM machines GROUP BY type; UPDATE properties SET taxrate = CASE city WHEN 'San Jose' THEN taxrate WHEN 'Santa Clara' THEN taxrate +.005 WHEN 'Campbell' THEN taxrate +.005 WHEN 'Los Gatos' THEN taxrate +.008 ELSE raise_error('70007', 'Parcel ' || parcelno || ' has unknown city') END; SELECT * FROM properties; SELECT name, coalesce(rank, title) AS rank_or_title FROM officers WHERE status IN (1, 2, 3); SELECT name, CASE WHEN rank IS NOT NULL THEN rank ELSE title END AS rank_or_title FROM officers WHERE status IN (1, 2, 3);

5. Table Expression CREATE TABLE EMP (NAME char(15), DEPTNO char(3), JOB varchar(20), MANAGER char(10), RATING smallint, SALARY decimal(8,2), BONUS decimal(8,2), STARTDATE date); SELECT maxrating, count(*) AS n_depts FROM (SELECT deptno, min(rating), max(rating) FROM emp GROUP BY deptno) AS ratingstats(deptno, minrating, maxrating) GROUP BY maxrating;

6. Table Functions: Externally defined table-valued functions CREATE FUNCTION sales (Varchar(15)) RETURNS TABLE (saledate Date, product Varchar(15), quantity Integer, price Integer) EXTERNAL NAME 'salesfun!sales' …. SELECT avg(price) AS avgprice FROM TABLE(sales('Boulder')) WHERE product = 'Stapler' AND year(saledate) = 1997; SELECT month(saledate) AS month, sum(quantity * price) AS revenue FROM TABLE(sales('Denver')) AS S WHERE year(S.saledate) = 1997 GROUP BY month(S.saledate);

7. Joining with a Table function CREATE TABLE SALESPLAN (year Integer, store Varchar(15), product Varchar(15), monthly_units Integer); SELECT month(sales.saledate) AS month, plan.store, plan.product, plan.monthly_units AS units_planned, sum(sales.quantity) AS units_sold FROM salesplan AS plan, TABLE(sales(plan.store)) AS sales WHERE plan.year = 1997 AND plan.product = sales.product AND plan.year = year(sales.saledate) GROUP BY month(sales.saledate), plan.store, plan.product, plan.monthly_units HAVING sum(sales.quantity) >= 1.5 * plan.monthly_units ;

8. CREATE TABLE fedemp (NAME varchar(15), SALARY decimal(8,2), MANAGER varchar(15)); Find the employees who have Hooever as a manager (at any level in the management chain) and make more than 100K. WITH agents(name, salary) AS ((SELECT name, salary FROM fedemp WHERE manager = 'Hoover') UNION ALL (SELECT f.name, f.salary FROM agents AS a, fedemp AS f WHERE f.manager = a.name)) SELECT name FROM agents WHERE salary > 100000; Recursion –page 253

9. Page 262: flights from San Francisco to New York,in less than 3 segments (also you can exclude flight that ends in San Francisco or start in New York). create table flights (flightno varchar(5), origin char(3), destination char(3), cost integer); insert into flights values ('HY120', 'DFW', 'JFK', 225), ('HY130', 'DFW', 'LAX', 200), ('HY140', 'DFW', 'ORD', 100), ('HY150', 'DFW', 'SFO', 300), ('HY210', 'JFK', 'DFW', 225), ('HY240', 'JFK', 'ORD', 250), ('HY310', 'LAX', 'DFW', 200), ('HY350', 'LAX', 'SFO', 50), ('HY410', 'ORD', 'DFW', 100), ('HY420', 'ORD', 'JFK', 250), ('HY450', 'ORD', 'SFO', 275), ('HY510', 'SFO', 'DFW', 300), ('HY530', 'SFO', 'LAX', 50), ('HY540', 'SFO', 'ORD', 275); WITH trips(destination, route, nsegs, totalcost) AS ((SELECT destination, CAST(destination AS Varchar(20)), 1, cost FROM flights WHERE origin = 'SFO') UNION ALL (SELECT f.destination, CAST(t.route || ', ' || f.destination AS Varchar(20)), t.nsegs + 1, t.totalcost + f.cost FROM trips t, flights f WHERE t.destination = f.origin AND f.destination <> 'SFO' AND f.origin <> 'JFK' AND t.nsegs < 3 )) SELECT route, totalcost FROM trips WHERE destination = 'JFK' AND totalcost = (SELECT min(totalcost) FROM trips WHERE destination = 'JFK');

10. Back to Datalog: People working for Hoover making >100K fed('Elliot Ness', 150000, 'Hoover'). fed('Ryan Baker', 75000, 'Hoover'). fed('Bill Bathgate', 140000, 'Elliot Ness'). fed('Susan Crandall', 50000, 'Bill Bathgate'). fed ('Sam Anders', 125000, 'Steve Smith'). agents(E, Sal) <- fed(E, Sal, 'Hoover'). agents(E2, Sal2) <- agents(E1, Sal1), fed(E2, Sal2, E1). hpaid(Name) 100000. export hpaid(N).

11. Back to Datalog % Find flight from San Francisco: DB2 at page 262 % instead of using SQL concatenation we will use lists % To avoid cycles, we check that we have not more than 3 legs and % and avoid SFO(NY) as end or start of leg. database( {flights(flightno: string, origin: string destination: string, cost: integer)}). trips(Dest, [], 1, Cost) <- flights(_,'SFO', Dest, Cost). trips(Dest2, [Dest1|L], Nsegs2, Cost2) <- trips(Dest1, L, Nsegs1, Cost1), Dest1~='JFK', Nsegs1 < 3, flights(_, Dest1, Dest2, To, C), Dest2~='SFO', Cost2=Cost1+C, Nsegs2=Nsegs1+1. export trips (D, L, Nsegs, Cost). export trips ($D, L, Nsegs, Cost).

12. A More General Solution trips(Dest, ['SFO'], Cost) <- flights(_,'SFO', Dest, Cost). trips(Dest2, [Dest1|L], Cost2) <- trips(Dest1, L, Cost1), flights(_, Dest1, Dest2, To, C), Dest1~='JFK', ~member(Dest2, L), Cost2=Cost1+C. export trips (D, L, Cost). export trips ($D, L, Cost). member(X, [X|_]). member(X, [_|L2]) <- member(X, L2). % We might still want to use a count to avoid too many segments % Dest1~='JFK' will stop when we get to NY Printing… ‘NY’ first export ny_first(X). Ny_firstl(X) <- trips ('NY', L ), member(X, L). Printing… ‘SF’ first—we reverse the list export sf_first(X). rev([ ], L) <- trips ('NY', L ). rev([X|R], L) <- rev(R, [X|L]). sf_first(X) <- rev(R, [ ]), member(X, R).