1. Stoichiometry Percent Yield

2. Important Terms  Yield: the amount of product  Theoretical yield:  Actual yield:  Percent yield: (actual yield ÷ theoretical yield) × 100

3. Real reactions usually produce less than the “ideal” or theoretical yield. Side Reactions (aka: competing reactions): reactant products Reaction does not go to completion: reactant product Reactant impurities due to varying grades of chemicals: Reagent = The highest quality commercially available for this chemical. Practical = chemicals of good quality where there are no official standards. Lab grade = Suitable for histology methods and general laboratory applications. USP = Chemicals manufactured under current Good Manufacturing Practices and which meet the requirements of the US Pharmacopeia. Technical = A grade suitable for general industrial use and non critical laboratory tasks. Fisher Scientific SIGMA-ALDRICH Fisher Scientific SIGMA-ALDRICH More details here: Fisher Scientific or SIGMA-ALDRICHFisher Scientific SIGMA-ALDRICH Why is this so?

4. % Yield

5. Finding % Yield Using the equation above, if 39.9 g of water are produced when 26.0 g of ammonia are reacted, what is the % yield of the reaction? 4NH 3 + 5O 2  6H 2 O + 4NO Step 1We find the stoichiometric amount of water that would be produced from 26.0 g of ammonia if we were to obtain a 100% yield.

6. Finding % Yield Using the equation above, if 39.9 g of water are produced when 26.0 g of ammonia are reacted, what is the % yield of the reaction? 4NH 3 + 5O 2  6H 2 O + 4NO Step 2Knowing that the stoichiometric amount of water produced is 41.3 g H 2 O, we can now substitute values into the % Yield equation.

7. Using % Yield to find a product amount 22.0 g of oxygen gas are reacted with excess ammonia as shown above. If the reaction yields 97.0%, what mass of NO will actually be produced? 4NH 3 + 5O 2  6H 2 O + 4NO Step 1We find the stoichiometric amount of NO that would be produced from 22.0 g of oxygen gas if we were to obtain a 100% yield.

8. Using % Yield to find a product amount 22.0 g of oxygen gas are reacted with excess ammonia as shown above. If the reaction yields 97.0%, what mass of NO will actually be produced? 4NH 3 + 5O 2  6H 2 O + 4NO Step 2With the stoichiometric amount of NO determined, we can now reduce it down by 97.0% to the actual yield.

9. Using % Yield to find a reactant amount If the reaction above yields 95.0% and 44.0 g of H 2 O are actually produced, what amount of ammonia gas is required? 4NH 3 + 5O 2  6H 2 O + 4NO Step 1The 44.0 g of H 2 O are already reduced down to 95.0% of the theoretical yield. In order to go from the mass of H 2 O back to the mass of NH 3, we will need to first find what the 100% amount was.

10. Using % Yield to find a reactant amount If the reaction above yields 95.0% and 44.0 g of H 2 O are actually produced, what amount of ammonia gas is required? 4NH 3 + 5O 2  6H 2 O + 4NO Step 2With the 100% yield (stoichiometric amount) of water known, it can now be used to calculate the amount of NH 3 reactant needed.

11. Summary Finding % Yield ► Given actual yield ► Find stoichiometric yield ► _____________________________________________ Using % Yield to find amount of product ► Given % yield ► Find stoichiometric yield of product ► Multiply _______________________________________ Using % Yield to find amount of reactant ► Given % yield ► Divide ______________________ to get theoretical yield ► Use theoretical yield of product to find reactant amount

12. Have we learned it yet? Try these on your own: Given: 4NH 3 + 5O 2  6H 2 O + 4NO a) What is the % yield of H 2 O if 7.50 g are actually produced using 5.00 g NH 3 ? b) If 9.50 g of O 2 is used to make NO at a 92.5% yield, what mass of NO is actually produced? c) How many grams of NH 3 are needed to produce an actual yield of 33.3 g of H 2 O representing a 94.3% yield?