1. Female Reproductive Anatomy Fallopian tube

2. Ovum Internal Genitals

3. Ducts or duct structures that extend from ovaries to exterior Essential Organs ______________________ (2) – female gonads; house ovum (eggs) Accessory Organs _________________ tubes – serve as transport channels for ova and as site of fertilization Salpingitis – inflammation of fallopian tubes _______________ composed of cervix and the body located between rectum and bladder position is altered by age, pregnancy decreases in size at menopause Three layers Peritoneum – thin layer surrounding uterus ________________-– middle, main muscle layer of uterus ________________-– internal tissue layer where embryo attaches, or what sloughs off during menstruation endometriosis – endometrium grows outside of the uterus _______________________ lining lubricates and stimulates penis; receptacle for semen transports tissue and blood shed during menstruation Hymen – mucous membrane bordering vagina in young girls

4. External Genitals

5. Vulva –Mons pubis »superior portion of genital area closest to abdomen –Labia (majora and minora) »protect ________________ –Clitoris »_______________ tissue homologous to male corpus ________________________ »Sensory receptors Sex Glands –Greater Vestibular glands »Homologous to male _____________________glands –Lesser Vestibular glands »Mucous glands –Mammary glands »Milk secretion to nourish newborn »15-20 lactiferous ducts in each breast Perineum –skin-covered region between vaginal orifice and rectum; may be torn during childbirth –______________________: when perineum is cut during labor

6. Breasts

7. Mammary glands – composed of alveloar sacs that produce milk ____________________ duct – transports milk to the nipple and out the breast Nipple – pore for milk secretion Areola – pigmented area surrounding nipple that contain ________________ glands to dryness while nursing –Change color from pink to brown when pregnant

8. Reproductive Cycle Ovarian Cycle –Oocytes at __________; meiosis halts –_________________ causes meiosis to resume in several oocytes –meiosis halts until fertilization; if not fertilized, cell ruptures and is expelled during ovulation –Oophoritis: inflammation of ovaries Menstrual Cycle –Menses (______) –Postmenstrual phase / Follicular phase (________) –Ovulation (____) –Premenstrual phase / Luteal phase (_______)

9. Menses days 1-5 of a new cycle endometrial lining sloughs off __________ – first menstrual flow __________ – lack of menstrual flow Endometriosis – lining of uterus grows outside of uterus

10. Postmenstrual / Follicular phase time between menses and ovulation (days 6-13) ________ and ______ are released from the brain and travel in the blood to the ovaries. The hormones stimulate the growth of about ______ eggs in the ovaries each in its own "shell," called a follicle and production of estrogen which changes in appearance, amount and consistency of cervical mucus High __________ levels turn off the production of FSH _____ follicle in one ovary becomes dominant and continues to mature. Others stop growing and die. The dominant follicle continues to produce ___________

11. Ovulation day 14; mature follicle ruptures and expels ovum into pelvic cavity The rise in estrogen from the dominant follicle increases the amount of ____ (responsible for ovulation) Dominant follicle releases its egg from the ovary (_______________) Egg is captured by finger-like projections on the end of the fallopian tubes (fimbriae) which sweep the egg into the tube.

12. Premenstrual / Luteal phase time between ovulation and menses (days 15-28) The empty follicle develops into a new structure called the ________ ______________. The corpus luteum secretes ______________. Progesterone prepares the uterus for a fertilized egg to implant. If intercourse has taken place and a man's sperm has fertilized the egg, the fertilized egg (embryo) will travel through the fallopian tube to implant in the uterus. If the egg is not fertilized, it passes through the uterus. Not needed to support a pregnancy, the lining of the uterus breaks down and sheds, and the next menstrual period begins

13. Ovarian Follicle Development

14. Hormones GnRH – tells pituitary to release FSH/LH FSH – stimulate ________________growth LH – stimulates growth of __________ ___________(promotes estrogen secretion) ______________________ secondary sex characteristics thickens the endometrium regulates menstrual cycle Produce lactiferous ducts ______________________ Promotes mammary gland production No fertilization: corpus luteum breaks down levels ______________ endometrium sloughs off during menstruation If fertilized: secreted by corpus luteum levels _______________ further thickens endometrium Prolactin and Oxytocin – stimulates ____________________ Advantages of nursing Provides infant with necessary nutrients Provides passive immunity to infant Enhance emotional bond between mother and infant

15. Female Reproductive Hormones

16. Fertility Birth - approximately 1 million eggs Puberty - only about 300,000 remain. 300 to 400 will be ovulated during a woman's reproductive lifetime. The eggs continue to degenerate during pregnancy, with the use of birth control pills, and in the presence or absence of regular menstrual cycles. Causes: –problems with ovulation - Some signs that a woman is not ovulating normally include irregular or absent menstrual periods. –blocked fallopian tubes due to pelvic inflammatory disease, endometriosis, or surgery from ectopic pregnancy –physical problems with the uterus –uterine fibroids Risk Factors –age - about one third of couples in which the woman is over 35 have fertility problems –stress –poor diet –athletic training –being overweight or underweight –tobacco smoking –alcohol –sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) –health problems that cause hormonal changes

17. Menopause most women experience this stage after age 40 and spend a third of their life in this phase. –Average age is _________ Stages –Perimenopause starts years before your period stops ovaries gradually produce less estrogen Symptoms during this time include mood swings, hot flashes, and loss of sex drive. –Menopause occurs when the ovaries no longer produce an egg every month and menstruation stops estrogen levels low –Postmenopause lasts years after menopause continued decrease in estrogen – causes health risks