2. Energy (J) 299,792,458 m/s Mass (Kg) Speed of Light Squared

3. How does this influence the energy in a radioactive fuel? TThe mass of the nucleus of an atom is actually different to that of the nucleons of an atom (protons and neutrons). EE.g. In an Oxygen atom TThe mass of the Oxygen-16 atom- 15.99amu TThe mass of the Protons and Neutrons- 16.13amu TThis is difference shown here is known as the atoms mass defect, this is caused by the energy contained in the nucleus that holds the nucleons together in the nucleus of the atom, this is the Binding Energy TThis links in to E=mc² as this mass deficiency can be used as the mass in the equation to calculate this Binding energy.

4. Calculating Binding Energy The mass defect of an Oxygen- 16 molecule =(-2.269x10^(-28)) It is this binding energy which is the reason why Nuclear Energy has such a high Energy Density as even though this number is small, so it the atom. Multiplied out to just 1 mole of Oxygen you would need to burn 420 metric tonnes of coal to match its energy output! E=mc² The speed of light squared = (3x10^8) E= (-2.269x10^(-28)) (3x10^8) E=-2.04x10^(-11) Joules of Energy released per Nucleus i.e. The Binding Energy of Oxygen-16.

5. Nuclear Fission  More commonly for producing energy in nuclear plants we use much heavier atoms such as Uranium- 235 which releases much more energy per nucleus  We use fission where we split the atoms to release this binding energy at heat energy that can then be used to heat water and drive turbines  This method has a smaller output per reaction when going from higher mass particles to those of a smaller mass, this is why we are able to control this process and use it to produce energy  The story is much different for that of nuclear fusion however.

6. Nuclear Fusion  Fusion can also be used fusing the atoms of two lighter particles to create a more stable heavier one releasing energy in the process  We currently don't use this for energy production because we are unable to control the huge amounts of heat that are released during the process. There is a much larger increase in the Binding energy with every isotope created in fusion than that in fission  As seen on the graph on the next slide there is a much larger jump between Hydrogen and Helium than that of Uranium and krypton produced during a fission reaction.

7. Element Mass compared to its Binding Energy