1. Defamation

2. What is defamation? Law protects PERSONAL and PROFESSIONAL reputation from UNJUSTIFIED attack 2 types: 1)Slander (spoken, between 2 people) 2)LIBEL (written/any permanent form)

3. A statement is defamatory if it tends to… Expose person to hatred/ridicule/contempt Cause person to be shunned/avoided Lower person in estimation of right- thinking members of society Disparage person in business/trade/profession

4. Defamation Act 2013 SERIOUS HARM A statement is not defamatory unless it is likely to cause SERIOUS HARM to REPUTATION of the claimant

5. Inferences/Innuendos Inference WITHOUT special knowledge (secondary meaning based upon general knowledge of worldly affairs) Innuendo WITH special knowledge (“Mr Smith leaving 10 Kingston Road” – innuendo is defamatory if known that 10 Kingston Road is brothel)

6. What must claimants prove in libel cases? Defamation/Identification/Publication 1.Statement is defamatory (serious harm) 2.Reasonably understood to refer to him 3.Published to 3 rd person

7. Why might media organisations be reluctant to fight libel action? Uncertain how judge/jury will interpret meaning Difficult to prove truth – long, complex process finding witnesses Huge damages if trial is lost May be better to settle (apologise/pay damages)

8. Defences (Defamation) Truth (justification) Honest Opinion (fair comment) Privilege: Absolute/Qualified Section 1: Innocent dissemination Accord and satisfaction Offer of amends Public interest

9. Truth (justification ) Proof that published material ‘substantially true’ eg – statements of fact, statistics Inferences and innuendos must be proved

10. Honest Opinion (fair comment) Honestly held opinion Recognisable that it is comment not fact Based upon true facts Must indicate facts on which it was based Subject must be area of public interest

11. Privilege: Absolute Court reports “Fair and accurate report of judicial proceedings” Summary of BOTH SIDES/no substantial inaccuracies Quotes must be attributed Published contemporaneously with proceedings (in newspaper first day after the hearing)

12. Privilege: Qualified Eg - report of public meeting Fair/accurate WITHOUT malice Public interest Sometimes Part 2: subject to publication of letter of ‘explanation or contradiction’

13. Section 1: Innocent dissemination Eg - newsagents/booksellers/Internet service providers like Google Anyone not the author/editor/publisher Took reasonable care in publication Did not know/had no reason to believe that whatever part he had in publication contributed to the publication of a defamatory statement

14. Accord and Satisfaction Media organisation can use defence of accord and satisfaction to halt a libel case on the ground that the issue has already been disposed of… Eg – published correction and apology which claimant agreed/accepted at settlement of the complaint

15. Offer of amends Editor makes written offer to make suitable correction and apology Pay claimant damages and legal costs

16. Other defences Claimant has died (dead person cannot be libelled) Proceedings not started within 12 months of the material being published But journalists should remember every repetition is a new publication (clicks on online archives)