1. INTRO TO ASTRO Lesson 4: The Revolution

2. CHALLENGE OF THE DAY Prove it activity! Movie Debrief David Christian tells us why stories change. Can you think of a time when you changed a story because of new information? Can you understand why Ptolemy saw the Earth as the center of the Universe based on what you can see of the Sun, the Moon, and the stars? What major shift occurred with the Copernican view of the Universe?

3. HOW DO WE KNOW WHAT WE KNOW? We know these things to be true now, but how did people know 2,000 years ago? It is important to review the proof, the science and the evidence that has gotten us to our present understanding

4. SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTIONS What does progress look like? Science goes through a process, claims are forwarded, defended, refuted, even died for The great minds of astronomy made these accomplishments on their own through hard work, pain, and meticulous learning

5. HOW DO WE KNOW THE EARTH IS ROUND? Aristotle: Studied a lunar eclipse and the shape the shadow of the earth made on the moon What shape does it make? How does that provide evidence for a spherical earth?

6. CONTINUED Aristotle also made a very keen observation of a ship sailing away towards the horizon What happens? How does this provide evidence?

7. Picture of sailing ship

8. CONTINUED When Aristotle traveled he noticed that you can see different star constellations in different places Would this be possible if the earth was flat?

10. ERATOSTHENES Video

11. HOW DO WE KNOW THE EARTH REVOLVES AROUND THE SUN? Aristarchus: 280 BC

12. ARISTARCHUS Did measurements using trigonometry concluding that the Sun is much larger than the earth Also observed that the stars don’t move, this could be evidence in favor of geocentrism, but Aristarchus didn’t think so Parallax, instead the stars a very far away

13. PTOLEMY 2nd century, Ptolemy came up with a model of the solar system that had the earth at the center He mapped the known the planets, calculated the time it took them to orbit the earth His model was the accepted model of the solar system for almost 1,400 years It was wrong but was it bad science?

14. MOTION OF THE PLANETS Geocentrists: We see the planets move across our sky, and we stand still. The planets must be orbiting around us! How do we know the difference between the planets and the stars?

15. RETROGRADE MOTION The planets move continuously across our sky, but at some point, something very weird happens They start to move backwards for a period of time Why? This was the central mystery of astronomy for many centuries

16. RETROGRADE MOTION Ptolemy offered an explanation to this phenomena in his model http://astro.unl.edu/classaction/animations/rena issance/ptolemaic.html http://astro.unl.edu/classaction/animations/rena issance/ptolemaic.html It was wrong, but was it bad science?

17. ANOTHER MODEL APPEARS Not until the 1500’s did Ptolemy’s model get challenged, and it did by an astronomer named… Nicolas Copernicus Made official claims that were being put forth since Aristarchus

18. http://astro.unl.edu/classaction/animations/renaissance/retro grade.html http://astro.unl.edu/classaction/animations/renaissance/retro grade.html http://astro.unl.edu/classaction/animations/renaissance/ptole maic.html http://astro.unl.edu/classaction/animations/renaissance/ptole maic.html http://astro.unl.edu/classaction/animations/renaissance/venu sphases.html http://astro.unl.edu/classaction/animations/renaissance/venu sphases.html

19. COPERNICUS Copernicus provided a radical model of the solar system, one that placed the SUN at the CENTER He, like Ptolemy, provided calculations for the orbits of the planets, the seasons, and the solstices He even offered an explanation for why the planets move backwards http://astro.unl.edu/classaction/animations/renaissance/retro grade.html http://astro.unl.edu/classaction/animations/renaissance/retro grade.html

20. THE CHURCH The Catholic Church, the primary political and social power at the time, did not like Copernicus’ idea Why? Ideas?

21. THE CHURCH The Scriptures say that the earth is, and shall forever be, “unmoved” By taking the earth out of the center of the solar system, it makes our role in it seem less important, less “central”

22. GALILEO The dawn of the telescope! Article