1. Biology Today Third Edition Chapter 1 Biology: Science and Ethics Copyright © 2004 by Garland Science Eli Minkoff Pam Baker

2. Chapter 1 A.Properties of living things list them and relate them to further materials B.Scientific Method subject matter and limitations inductive vs. deductive reasoning (specific to general)(general to specific; if…then) Hypothesis:must be testable (falsifiable) Experiments/observationstest hypothesis must be reproducible must have appropriate controls

3. B.Scientific Method (cont) Paradigm:framework changes periodically with scientific revolution Ethics: deontologicalwritten code, individual rights emphasis on actions (right vs wrong) utilitariangreatest good for most emphasis on consequences

4. Properties of living things: (pg 11) Living things are organized (cells) Living things are metabolic Living things respond to stimuli Living things are homeostatic Living things grow (biosynthesis) Living things contain genetic material Living things reproduce Living things form populations

5. Why aren’t leaves green in the Fall?

7. What is science? a ongoing process a way of knowing and investigating the physical, natural world based on observation and experimentation and must be reproducible involves inductive and deductive reasoning

8. Scientific Method Inductive reasoning specifics to generalization (Hypothesis) Deductive reasoning generalization to specific predictions (If/then statements)

9. Scientific Method Hypothesis “statement about the observable universe, formulated in such a way that it can be tested” (disproven) [BT3 pg. 2-3]

10. “This process is called the scientific method. In reality, few scientists adhere rigidly to this prescription.” (BT3, pg 4)

11. Science has limitations the physical, natural world behavior of objects can say nothing about the “supernatural” or “spiritual”

12. What is science? Method of investigation based on testing hypotheses An example

13. Is an artificial sweetener safe for humans to eat? Hypothesis:Sweetener S is a safe food additive. Deduction:If S is safe to eat, then mice whose diet contains 50% S should be as healthy as mice who don’t eat any S.

15. Is this a valid experiment? No, it needs a “control” group

17. Data- Mice with cancer % S #mice% with cancer in diet 0% 0/1000 % 50%33/10033 %

18. Conclusions ?

19. Is an artificial sweetener safe for humans to eat? Hypothesis:Sweetener S is a safe food additive. Deduction:If S is safe to eat, then mice whose diet contains 50% S should be as healthy as mice who don’t eat any S.

20. Is an artificial sweetener safe for humans to eat? Hypothesis:Sweetener S is a safe food additive. Change hypothesis

21. Is an artificial sweetener safe for humans to eat? Hypothesis:Sweetener S is a safe food additive in low doses. Deduction:If S is safe to eat, then mice whose diet contains small amounts of S should be as healthy as mice who don’t eat any S.

23. 5%, 10%, 15%…… …..45%, 50%

24. Data- Mice with cancer % S#mice% 0%0/1000 “control” 5%0/1000 experimental 10%0/1000experimental 15%2/1002experimental 20%5/1005experimental 25%15/10015experimental 30%20/20020experimental 35%23/10023experimental 40%25/10025experimental 45%28/10028experimental 50%30/10030experimental

26. Experiments Be as specific as you can with your hypothesis. Be sure to include a “control” group. Be careful with your conclusions. Do your data address ethical/moral issues?

27. Ethics moral rules (laws) right vs. wrong

28. Promises… …should be kept. Parking laws… …should be obeyed.

29. To park or not to park ?

30. How do we resolve moral conflict? Different people may have different ethical systems

31. Deontological Utilitarian Based on traditions (e.g., written code) often religious Bible, Koran, … individual “rights” Looks at consequences the most good… for the most people “ends justify the means” ?

32. Many societal (legal/political) decisions are based on a particular ethic

33. Two examples: Use of animals in research Use of people in research

34. Use of animals in research Historically: Animals are property labor, food, companionship Do animals have rights? Use in experiments? regulations

35. Use of people in research Drug testing Comparative studies species differences e.g. cholesterol Informed consent Review panels

36. Thought questions (BT3 pg. 29) Deontological argument for against for against Utilitarian argument

37. Thought questions (BT3 pg. 29) Deontological argument for against for against Utilitarian argument Beating a horse Use canary in coal mine Raising cattle for human consumption Testing drugs on prisoners

38. Quiz samples: List characteristics…. Recognize inductive/deductive deontological/utilitarian