1. A Genetic Algorithm Approach To Interactive Narrative Generation TeongJoo Ong and John Leggett Texas A&M University

2. Introduction Stories are used to convey information, cultural values, and experiences Stories are used to convey information, cultural values, and experiences New technologies have constantly provided increasingly sophisticated means to tell stories New technologies have constantly provided increasingly sophisticated means to tell stories Recent trend is the convergence of technology, entertainment, and art in the computer Recent trend is the convergence of technology, entertainment, and art in the computer

3. Background Interactive storytelling is a major research area Interactive storytelling is a major research area Many overlapping approaches have been used: Many overlapping approaches have been used: AI community (Narrative intelligence): AI community (Narrative intelligence): Immersive storytelling Immersive storytelling Emergent storytelling Emergent storytelling Plot-based systems Plot-based systems Interactive authoring of stories Interactive authoring of stories Character-based systems Character-based systems

4. Background (cont.) Hypertext community: Hypertext community: Hypertext narratives Hypertext narratives Adaptive hypermedia Adaptive hypermedia Sculptural hypertext Sculptural hypertext Partial listing of related work from these areas: Partial listing of related work from these areas: CHOROS (N. M. Sgouros) CHOROS (N. M. Sgouros) Façade (M. Mataes, A. Stern) Façade (M. Mataes, A. Stern) Card Shark and Storyspace (M. Bernstein) Card Shark and Storyspace (M. Bernstein) Metalinear Cinematic Narrative (K.M. Brooks) Metalinear Cinematic Narrative (K.M. Brooks) StoryBeads (B. Barry) StoryBeads (B. Barry)

5. Motivation The HEFTI storytelling engine attempts to merge results and ideas from both communities The HEFTI storytelling engine attempts to merge results and ideas from both communities Recombination, mutation, selection of authored story elements with Genetic Algorithm (GA) Recombination, mutation, selection of authored story elements with Genetic Algorithm (GA) Generate, remove and traverse links in the story elements as the story unfolds using the author’s predefined rules Generate, remove and traverse links in the story elements as the story unfolds using the author’s predefined rules Story elements and rules are encoded in XML Story elements and rules are encoded in XML Provides a small drag-and-drop tool and tree-view tools for authors to create their stories Provides a small drag-and-drop tool and tree-view tools for authors to create their stories

6. Definitions Story elements – Smallest units in HEFTI’s story search space Story elements – Smallest units in HEFTI’s story search space Story template – Describes combinations of various story elements at a particular stage in the story Story template – Describes combinations of various story elements at a particular stage in the story Template sequences – Subdivision of story template to depict time-based relationships among story elements Template sequences – Subdivision of story template to depict time-based relationships among story elements Story component – Combination of story elements, agent scripts and variables generated by HEFTI based on the given set of story templates and elements Story component – Combination of story elements, agent scripts and variables generated by HEFTI based on the given set of story templates and elements

7. Generating a Story A story is divided into multiple time steps A story is divided into multiple time steps Chromosomes represent a story component Chromosomes represent a story component Genes represent a collection of story elements pertaining to a template sequence within a story template Genes represent a collection of story elements pertaining to a template sequence within a story template Genes are encoded as floating point numbers for convenience of manipulation (as shown later) Genes are encoded as floating point numbers for convenience of manipulation (as shown later)

8. Generating a Story (cont.) A gene is generated by constructing valid story element sets based on the current state of the story and various conditions and rules imposed by the author (Encoding) A gene is generated by constructing valid story element sets based on the current state of the story and various conditions and rules imposed by the author (Encoding) The encoding process is sequential due to dependencies and ordering of story elements The encoding process is sequential due to dependencies and ordering of story elements The encoding process is repeated several times to generate individuals in the GA population The encoding process is repeated several times to generate individuals in the GA population

9. Generating a Story (cont.) After the evolution process, the decoding process steps through each of the genes, decoding each gene based on its story context After the evolution process, the decoding process steps through each of the genes, decoding each gene based on its story context The end result is a story component that describes the next story sequence The end result is a story component that describes the next story sequence The process is repeated to generate subsequent story sequences The process is repeated to generate subsequent story sequences

10. Generating a Story (cont.)

11. Operations on Story Components The original genetic operators are modified to handle authored ordering of story elements The original genetic operators are modified to handle authored ordering of story elements Chromosome level operators: Chromosome level operators: Single point crossover Single point crossover Multi point crossover Multi point crossover Gene level operators: Gene level operators: Crossover operators Crossover operators Mutation Mutation

12. Chromosome Operators The offsets are chosen to share similar starting conditions and consequences The offsets are chosen to share similar starting conditions and consequences The operator generates permutations of the template sequences The operator generates permutations of the template sequences Chromosome A Chromosome B Chosen offsets for multipoint crossover Chromosome A* Chromosome B* … … … … … … … …

13. Chromosome Operators (cont.) An example from The Three Little Pigs … An example from The Three Little Pigs … Given two chromosomes (A and B) with: Given two chromosomes (A and B) with: Starting conditions: Wolf shows up in front of Angela Pig’s house Consequences: Wolf eats Angela Pig If the state of the story is the same for both, the intermediary stages can be swapped between A and B If the state of the story is the same for both, the intermediary stages can be swapped between A and B

14. Gene Operators Alter selection of story elements Crossover operators are the same as at the chromosome level except they crossover story elements instead of genes Mutation operator changes the offset into a list of possible story elements Gene A (Before mutation) Gene A* (After mutation) 1 6 4 3 … … 1 6 4 … … 1 Chosen offset for mutation

15. Story Threads Authors create potential story threads Authors create potential story threads Story thread is an indicator for: Story thread is an indicator for: 1. Length of story 2. Choice of story elements from a story template 3. Sets of story templates to be used at certain story time steps 4. Rules that change the flow of the story 5. Evaluation criteria for chromosome fitness

16. Fitness Evaluation HEFTI is free to generate stories that adhere only so closely (within a threshold) to a story thread HEFTI is free to generate stories that adhere only so closely (within a threshold) to a story thread Fitness evaluation takes place on the chromosomes of a story thread Fitness evaluation takes place on the chromosomes of a story thread Authors can indicate preference, indifference, or dislike towards certain story elements by assigning positive or negative values to the story elements Authors can indicate preference, indifference, or dislike towards certain story elements by assigning positive or negative values to the story elements The existence of certain story elements in story components are influenced accordingly through the selection mechanisms of GA The existence of certain story elements in story components are influenced accordingly through the selection mechanisms of GA

17. Story Thread with Fitness Evaluation <timestep order="4" name="wolf's plan" loop="{isPigStillAvailable.value} == true AND {isWolfDead.value} == false"> </set></timestep>

18. Scenarios of Use Interactive fiction: A murder mystery with multiple dynamically generated story threads Interactive fiction: A murder mystery with multiple dynamically generated story threads Sub-module of a computer game engine that dynamically combines various story and agent scripts from existing story elements Sub-module of a computer game engine that dynamically combines various story and agent scripts from existing story elements An educational environment that can present new concepts in various forms while preserving the goals of the story An educational environment that can present new concepts in various forms while preserving the goals of the story

19. Conclusions HEFTI needs a large enough set of story elements and templates for it to create the story components HEFTI needs a large enough set of story elements and templates for it to create the story components Authoring a story from scratch can be tedious Authoring a story from scratch can be tedious Story templates allow authors to create story elements at different granularities Story templates allow authors to create story elements at different granularities Story elements can be reused in similar story settings Story elements can be reused in similar story settings

20. Future Work Genetic programming might be used to generate agent scripts given the starting and ending agent actions Genetic programming might be used to generate agent scripts given the starting and ending agent actions Evaluation of fitness data on all of the story variants that HEFTI is capable of generating Evaluation of fitness data on all of the story variants that HEFTI is capable of generating Better support for user interaction and control of the story Better support for user interaction and control of the story