1. Unit 1
ORGANISMS
Lesson 1

2. ALL THE LIVING THINGS ARE MADE UP BY CELLS.
ORGANISMS!!!!!!!
ALL THE LIVING THINGS ARE MADE UP BY CELLS.

3. LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION
BIOTIC: living things
ABIOTIC: non-living things.
Levels of organization is the way structures are organized, in several steps levels or groups.

4. LEVELS OF BIOLOGIC ORGANIZATION
Starting at the simplest level, atoms are organized into molecules, which are organized into cells. Cells are organized into tissues, tissues into organs, organs into body systems, and body systems into individual multicellular organisms. A group of individuals of the same specie is a population. Populations of different species interact to form communities. A community and its abiotic environment form an ecosystem, while all communities of organisms on Earth make up biosphere.

5. ABIOTIC LEVEL OF ORGANIZATION
SUBATOMIC LEVEL
Made up by the smallest particles of matter, neutrons, protons and electron.
ATOMIC LEVEL
Made up by atoms, the basic unit of matter.
MOLECULAR LEVEL
Made up by molecules resulting from the union of 2 or more atoms. Ex. H2O

6. BIOTIC LEVEL OF ORGANIZATION
CELULAR LEVEL
Consists on cells, the basic unit of living-matter/life. A living thing form by only 1 cell is an unicelular organism.
MULTICELULAR LEVEL
Group of 2 or more cells gathered formed up multicelular organisms.

7. Biotic levels of organization
MULTICELLULAR LEVEL
Tissue, group of cells.
Organ, group of tissues.
System, group of organs.
Organisms, group of systems.

8. SUBLEVEL FORMED UP BY EXAMPLE Tissue cells Skin Organ tissues Heart
Lesson 2 SUBLEVELS
SUBLEVEL
FORMED UP BY
EXAMPLE
Tissue
cells
Skin
Organ
tissues
Heart
System
organs
Respiratory system
Organisms
systems
A human being

9. WHAT ARE ORGANISMS MADE OF?

10. WATER AND SALTS WATER H2O: carries out chemical reactions.
In abscence: produces deshydratation, kidney problems
SALTS: minerals that take part during chemical reaction.
In abscence: produces anemia, ostheoporocis, muscular faintness

11. sugars
They have an energetic function. Give energy formed at the metabolism process.
It absences produces deabetes, weakness, faints, shocks, dizziness.

12. PROTEINS They are important part of the cell structure.
Accelerate metabolism, carry oxygen in blood, carry substances and antibodie against virus and bacterias.
Absence:produces anemia, low defense

13. LIPIDS
These are very different substances, including oils, fats, cholesterol, etc.
They keep the warmth of body and energy reserve.
Absence: can produce cold hands and feet and also anemia.

14. NUCLEIC ACIDS
There are two kind of nucleic acids: DNA and RNA. They are made up of many small molecules called nucleotides. Stores genetic information of a cell.

15. What are the insides of cell like?
There are types of cells:
Procaryotic: cells where the nucleus isn´t separated from the rest of the cell.
Eucaryotic: cells where the nucleus is separated from the rest of the cell.
Some facts…
Procaryotic cells do have DNA and RNA, but this genetic info is spread all through the cytoplasm. They are the simplest cells.
Eucaryotics are complex cell made up by several comparments with different functions called organelles.

16. EUCARYOTIC CELLS ANIMAL CELL PLANT CELL
Both are Eucaryotic cells, but there are some small differences in their insides…

17. ANIMAL CELLS
Nucleus
Cellular Membrane
Cytoplasm
Ribosomes
Endoplasmatic Reticulum
Mitochondria
Vacuoles
Golgi Apparatus
Contains genetic info and controls functions of cell
Holds cell together, protect and controls what gets in or out of the cell
Liquid substance which gives cell its shape, contains dissolved matter.
Made up by proteins, produce proteins.
Transport substances (Rough-proteins, Smooth-lipids) along the cell.
Energy is produced through chemical reactions (cellular respiration)
Store substances such as lipids and proteins.
Produces glucose and store bio-molecules.

18. PLANT CELLS
Plant cells contain the organelles mentioned before for animal cell, however, plant cells also possess special organelles:
Cell Wall
Chloroplast
Protects the cell and provides rigidness
Responsible for the cell photosynthesis, that provides cell its own energy
There are others organelles which won’t be mentioned nor studied, but a fact to know is that the only organelle presented only on animal cell and not in plant cells is the Centrosome or Centriole.
Now organelles sometimes present in both cells that are use for cell motion are flagella and cilia.

20. What do cells do during their life span?
During the either short or long life span of a cell, it passes through 3 processes.
Respiration or nutrition
Interaction
Cellular reproduction

21. Cellular respiration
Through it cell obtain material and energy to survive and carry on the activities.
Aerobic: glucose + oxygen energy+CO2+water
Anaerobic: glucose energy + lactic acid
Energy produced from anaerobic respiration is lower than from aerobic respiration.

22. Cellular interaction
Cells interact with exterior and with each other.
Whenever the exterior affects them through STIMULI the reactions traduced are RESPONSES. Responses are usually movements of the cell towards the stimulus (positive) or backwards (negative). This movements are called TAXIS.
In order to move, cells use various mechanisms, which are movements by:
Cilia
Flagella
Amoeboid
contractions

23. Cellular reproduction
The cellular method of reproduction is called MITOSIS, and consists on 5 phases gathered in a cycle:
Interphase
Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase