1. Banking Regulation 30 April, 2010 9 th Munich Economic Summit Takamasa Hisada Bank of Japan

2. 1 4 Points for the Banking Regulation - 1 1. Arguments on the regulatory reforms are focusing so much on capital and liquidity, and less on risks and risk measurements The fact that most big banks enjoyed very high capital ratios before the crisis evidenced their failure of appropriate assessment of risks Capital sufficiency cannot be appropriately judged unless risks are accurately captured by banks

3. 2 4 Points for the Banking Regulation - 2 2. We should very carefully determine the numerical setting of new capital and liquidity regulations Based on an assessment of the possible negative impacts regulations would have on the macro economy The numerical setting should also take into account that the capital buffer and the liquidity buffer are a substitute to some extent in terms of reducing bank’s probability of default

4. 3 4 Points for the Banking Regulation – 3/4 3. We should very carefully determine the best timing for the introduction of new regulations The hasty introduction would subdue the current fragile economic recovery and may risk the double dip 4. Country specific regulatory discretion is important The financial system is different from country to country depending on each financial structure and economic conditions Given those differences, some discretion for each country should be allowed

5. 4 A Comprehensive Approach 5. A Comprehensive approach is important to secure the financial stability The banking regulation alone cannot secure the financial stability or to avoid the recurrence of a crisis It would not be sensible for the authorities to rely wholly on regulations As regulations are not costless and stricter regulations inevitably induce the regulation arbitrage

6. 5 Two Elements for the Comprehensive Approach 5-1. Supervision The efficacy of regulations depends significantly on the quality of supervision Good supervision could substitute the role of regulation to a considerable extent 5-2. Macro Prudential Policy Regulations should be imposed on banks to prepare for idiosyncratic shocks The authorities should respond to macro shocks by implementing measures from the macro prudential perspective

7. 6 An Image of Comprehensive Approach Regulation Measures from Macro Prudential Perspective Supervision Macro Shocks Idiosyncratic Shocks