2. Goal – to understand democracy is a concept with many meanings and complex factors that both advance and inhibit its effective operation. 1.Questions from homework? 2.Important terms related to Democracy and legitimacy 3.Democracy according to Kesselman: a)Discuss with group answer to homework question – Add to your answer b)Identify the 5 democratic conditions necessary for a political system to be typed as democratic 4.Current Events discussion 5.Democracy according to Powell AR #13 a)Identify and explain the broad principles of democracy b)Identify the 5 conditions for a system to earn a democratic classification c)Identify the preconditions for democratic consolidation d)Do you agree that these are the main principles and conditions? What should be added or removed to make our understanding of democracy more complete and accurate? 6.How does the Briefing paper compare to Kesselman? a)Identify and explain the broad process of democratization b)Identify the types of democracy. c)Identify the preconditions for a system to earn a democratic classification d)Identify the factors for democratic consolidation AP Comp Day 10 – How and WHAT will we compare?

3. Emergency Lifted in Bangkok Thai Government Cites Effect on Tourism By Jocelyn Gecker AP Monday, September 15, 2008; A15 BANGKOK, Sept. 15 -- The Thai government on Sunday ended a state of emergency imposed in the capital to control a violent political crisis, saying it had served only to scare away tourists crucial to the country's economy. Acting Prime Minister Somchai Wongsawat urged all sides in the deepening political standoff to compromise and help restore the country's image.Somchai Wongsawat The spirit of compromise will be tested this week as the parliament seeks -- for a second time -- to elect a prime minister acceptable to all sides. Samak SundaravejSamak Sundaravej, who took over as prime minister after elections in December, was forced to resign Sept. 9 when the Constitutional Court ruled that he had violated conflict-of-interest laws by accepting money to host TV cooking shows while in office. The ruling was an unrelated twist to the political crisis. Protesters accused Samak of being a stooge of former prime minister Thaksin, who recently fled to Britain to escape corruption charges. Thaksin was ousted in a 2006 military coup after street demonstrations by the same groupBritain

4. Articulation – interest groups types are based on: 1. their goals and organization A.institutional groups – groups whose main purpose is something other than interest articulation like a bureaucracy in government, the Church, the bridge club, etc. but nonetheless operates at times to advance in the political system the interests of its members B.Associational groups – a formal, well-organized, hierarchical (generally) organization whose primary purpose is articulation of its members’ interests C.Non-associational groups – like associational in purpose, but not well-organized and without formality or “membership” D.Anomic groups - spontaneous, unorganized groups who form generally from emotional stimuli like frustration or relative deprivation. Behaviors and methods of interest articulation are often violent 2.Their number, efficacy and connection to the state A.Corporatist – entire sectors of interest are represented by a single organization (body) speaking with a single voice B.Pluralist – each interest sector is represented by numerous groups each with its own voiceArticulation

5. Aggregation – political leadership, elites and parties are dependent upon the structure of the state 1.Authoritarian single-party exclusive and inclusive 2.Authoritarian multi-party 3.competitive 2 party – Single-member district first-past-the-post electoral system 4.Pluralist party systems – parliamentary proportional electoral systemAggregation

6. Rule of Law The concept that the power and discretion of government and its officials ought to be restrained by a supreme set of neutral rules that prevent arbitrary and unfair action by government. Also called constitutionalism. - Magstadt the principle that legal rules rather than arbitrary or personal decisions determine what happens – Hauss governments can take no action that has not been authorized by law and that citizens can be punished only for actions violating existing laws- A & P

7. Legitimacy A significant segment of the citizenry must believe that the state acts with some moral authority. People believe that the state has the right to issue rules binding for people within their borders - Kesselman People believe that rules should be followed voluntarily because they are in the best interests of all citizens. – Palmer People have the feeling that the regime’s rule is rightful and should be obeyed.- Roskin Some key legitimizing factors – Transparency, free elections, compatibility of system with culture, open and free press, economic success, improved living standards, rule of law, access to quality public services, civil rights, responsiveness to inputs, civil society, accountability, political efficacy, absence of relative deprivation

8. Civic Culture Culture characterized by by trust, legitimacy, and limited involvement, which some theorists believe is most conducive to democracy - Hauss A political culture characterized by 1)most citizens’ acceptance of the authority of the state but also 2) a general belief in civic duties… participation is mixed with passivity, trust and a deference to authority – Wynn

9. Civil Society The web of membership in social and political groups that some analysts believe is needed to sustain democracy - Hauss an extensive network of interest groups and public participation …social and political interactions free of state control or regulation, such as community groups, voluntary assoc’s and even religious groups – A+P space occupied by voluntary assoc’s outside the state like professional assoc’s, trade unions, student and women’s groups…similar to society although civil society implies a degree of organization absent from the more inclusive term society - Kesselman

10. 1 – political accountability – state must be able to be held accountable by the governed 2 – political competition – alternation of power must be possible for different political parties and the losers must accept the winner’s right to govern 3 – political freedom – citizens must have the rights to participate and be informed – must have rule of law and independent judiciary 4 – political equality – all citizens must be able to participate in politics with their votes and voices weighted equally Kesselman’s Democracy – required principles

11. 1.Free and fair competitive elections with rules and regularity 2.Freedom of assembly and party activity 3.Procedures w/o arbitrariness, due process, transparency in policy-making and accountability 4.Civil liberties and rights w/ political equality 5.Independent judiciary with power over other institutions of gov’t Kesselman’s Democracy – conditions to earn label of democracy

12. 1.Democracy can be inequitable 2.No country is completely democratic 3.Contentiousness of issues often result valid and legitimate positions that result in a winner and loser, where the loser believes that the decision may be illegitimate 4.Economic inequalities stack the deck against the poor in the arena of politics 5.Many different institutional types of democracies, not just presidential Kesselman - Qualification of the Democracy definition

13. For a system to be typed as having transitioned from authoritarianism through the transitional democracy types to being a consolidated democracy, the system must have: 1.met the five conditions of democracy a)Free fair elections b)Freedom of political assembly c)Regime has accountability based on fixed, knowable, transparent procedures d)Civil and political rights e)Independent judiciary 2.Been in existence for some kind of length of time 3.Democratic practices that have become deeply ingrained and the five conditions have been met relatively consistently Kesselman - Preconditions for consolidation Authoritarian Transitional Democracies Electoral authoritarian Illiberal proceduralSubstantive D

14. process Democratization is the process by which a nation-state moves from non-democracy through procedural to fully consolidated substantive democracy. This has happened in three waves 1.19 th and early 20 th C – US, UK, France (sorta), Canada, et al 2.After WWII as empires crumbled and fascism failed 3.70’s through 90’s as communism and the USSR failed and the authoritarians throughout saw their fragile economies and corrupt leadership styles become illegitimated Democratization Briefing Paper

15. Substantive Democracy – like Kesselman’s enduring or consolidated democracy Procedural democracy – has the basics like a newly transitional democracy, but not consolidated yet Illiberal democracy – has the appearance of democracy, like a Potemkin Village, but the underlying factors do not exist to much extent Electoral authoritarianism – non-democracies who pretend to be democratic Democratization Briefing Paper

16. Preconditions of Democratization Level of economic development – while not necessary, it is often an important catalyst in producing modernization: an environment of education, widespread information media, improved infrastructure for information and transportation, leading to civil society and better living standards. All of this helps to lead to democratization. International and regional environment of democracy – if the world, trading partners and neighbors want democracy, it puts pressure on system to democratize Democratization Briefing Paper

17. Substantive democracy – consolidation includes 1.Democratic competition accepted by all major actors seeking political influence 2.Citizen participation 3.Rule of law 4.Society has accepted the values of competitive parties, independent judiciaries, subordinated militaries, and the rule of law 5.Continued modernization and improved standards of living Democratization Briefing Paper

18. 1.Elected officials make policy within constitutional limits w/o veto from informal or unelected sources or from super-sovereign influences from abroad 2.competitive, fair, free, non-coercive & regular elections 3.practically full universal suffrage 4.Practically universal right to run for office 5.Free and noncoercive right to expression 6.Free, widely available & multiple information sources 7.Civil society S and K - Procedures Democracy in a nation-state:

19. 1.Agreement that electoral winners get to rule, but winners cannot freeze out opposition 2.Citizens must follow rules, currently agreed to or not, so long as there is legitimacy based partially on belief that free elections will occur later “contingent consent” 3.There does not have to be consensus, just rule of law consistent with the political culture or set of political norms 4.Must be opportunity for alternation of power and policy S and K’s factors of feasibility for Democracy in a nation-state are: