1. THEME
Disperse systems. Colloidal solutions: the preparation, purification and properties.

2. Plan Disperse systems. Classification.
Colloidal stat. Types of colloidal solution.
Preparation of colloidal solutions.
Method of purification colloidal solution.
Structure of colloidal parts.
Stability of disperse systems
Coagulation. The coagulation threshold.
Sedimentation.

3. Disperse systems are called systems, which consist of two phases, one of which is scattered or dispersed in other.
The disperse phase - phase which is scattered (dispersed) in medium.
The disperse medium - phase in which dispersion done.

4. By stat of dispersed phase and dispersed medium
Classification:
By stat of dispersed phase and dispersed medium

5. By size of dispersed phase

6. Fog

7. Colloidal solution
Colloidal solutions have dispersed phase particle, which size between 10-9 to 10-7m or 1 nm to 100 nm.

8. Classification of colloidal solution
Lyophilic colloids - solvent-attracting
Lyophobic colloids - solvent-repelling

9. Preparation of colloidal solutions
1. Dispersion or disintegration methods:
Mechanical disintegration
Electro-disintegration (Bredig s method).
2. Peptization
3. Condensation or aggregation methods:
chemical reaction:
- double decomposition;
- reduction;
- oxidation;
- hydrolysis.
exchange of solvent;
condensing vapours of a substance into the solvent;
excessive cooling.

10. Dispersion
These methods involve the breaking of the bigger particles to colloidal size.

11. Mechanical disintegration
The mechanical disintegration is carried out in a machine called «colloid mill». It consists of two steel discs with a little gap in between and capable of rotating in the opposite directions at high speed. А suspension of the substance in water introduced into the mill. The size of suspension particles is reduced to that of colloidal size

12. Electro-disintegration (Bredig’s method)
This method is employed for obtaining colloidal solutions of metals like gold, silver, platinum etc. An electric arc is set up between two metallic electrodes suspended in а trough of water. The intense heat of the arc converts the metal into vapours which are condensed immediately in the ice cold water bath resulting in the formation of particles of colloidal size

13. Peptization - is a process of passing of a precipitate into colloidal particles on adding suitable electrolyte. The electrolyte added is called peptizing agent.

14. Condensation or aggregation methods
These methods involve the joining together of а large number of smaller particles to form particles of colloidal size.

15. Chemical reactions By double decomposition:
As2O3 + 3H2S = As2S3 + 3H2O
By reduction:
2 AuCl3 + 3SnCl2=2 Аu + 3SnCl4
By oxidation:
Br2 + H2S = S + 2 HBr
By hydrolysis:
FeCl3 + 3 H2O = Fe(OH)3 + 3 HCl

16. By exchange of solvent
Substances like sulphur and phosphorous are fairly soluble in alcohol but less soluble in water. If their alcoholic solutions are poured in water, colloidal solutions of sulphur and phosphorus are obtained

17. By condensing vapours of а substance into the solvent
Colloidal solutions of sulphur and mercury in water are prepared by passing their vapours cold water containing а little stabilizing agent like ammonium nitrate.

18. By excessive cooling
Colloidal solution of ice in an organic solvent like ether is obtained by freezing a mixture of the solvent and water

19. Purification colloidal solutions
When a colloidal solution is prepared, quite often it contains certain impurities of electrolytes which are crystalloidal in nature and tend to destabilize the solution. Hence their removal is very essential.

20. Method of purification colloidal solution
Dialysis: electrodialysis; compensatory dialysis; vividialisis; hemodialysis; Artificial kidney.
Ultrafiltration
Ultracentrifugation

21. Dialysis
The process of separating the particles of colloids from those of crystalloids by diffusion of the mixture through semipermeable membrane (а parchment or an animal membrane) is known as dialysis.
The above process can be quickened if an electric field is applied around the membrane (the process is then called Electro- dialysis).

22. Electro-dialyser

23. The most important application of dialysis is in the purification of blood in the artificial kidney

24. artificial kidney

25. Structure of colloidal parts
{[nuclear] + adsorptive layer} diffuse laeyr

26. Structure of a micelle Fe (OH)3.
The iron hydroxyde sol a formed, if iron chlorate is hydrolyzed:
FeCl3 + H2O = Fe(OH)3 + HCl
Reaction products interact:
Fe (OH)3 + HC1 = FeOCI + 2H2O
Iron oxychloride can dissocied:
FeOCI = FeO+ + Cl-
The potential-determining ions will be only FeO+ as the ion Cl-:
{[Fe(OH)3]m n FeO+ (n-x)Cl-}x+ xCl-

27. Properties Heterogeneous character Stability Filterability Visibility
1. Physical Properties
Heterogeneous character
Stability
Filterability
Visibility
2. Colligative properties - osmotic pressure
3. Mechanical properties – Brownian movement
4. Optical properties – Tyndall affect
5. Electrical properties

28. Kinetic stability
А major source of kinetic stability of colloids is the existence of an electric charge on the surfaces of the particles. On the account of this charge, ions of opposite charge tend to cluster nearby, and an ionic atmosphere is formed.

29. On placing а colloidal solution under the influence of an electric field, the particles of the dispersion medium move towards oppositely charged electrode, provided the colloidal particles is called electro-osmosis.

30. The movement of colloidal particles under the influence of an electric field is called electrophoresis or cataphoresis.
а) Before electrophoresis
(b) After electrophoresis

31. Flocculation (coagulation)
Aggregation of the particles arising from the stabilizing effect of this secondary minimum is called flocculation.

32. Hardy-Schulze Law
Greater is the valency of the oppositely charged ion of the electrolyte being added, the faster is the coagulation.

33. Sedimentation
In а gravitational field, heavy particles settle towards the foot of а column of solution by the process called sedimentation.