1. This research is funded in part by grant CCR-0113181 from the U. S. National Science Foundation. Profiles: A Compositional Mechanism for Performance Specification Joan Krone, Denison University William F. Ogden, Ohio State University Murali Sitaraman, Clemson University E-mail: murali@cs.clemson.edu http://www.cs.clemson.edu/~resolve

2. RESOLVE Research Objectives

3. Predictable Behavior Need to be able to specify precisely the behavior we want Need to be able to reason that a component is correct, i.e., it does what it is supposed to do

4. Predictable Performance and Efficiency Predictable performance Need to be able to specify the performance we want (time & space constraints) Need to be able to reason that a component performs as specified Efficiency Components should be efficient Alternative components should allow efficiency tradeoffs

5. Scalability How can specifications scale? Abstraction in specification How can reasoning scale? Modularity in reasoning, i.e., ability to reason about one component at a time, using only specifications of reused components

6. Modular Reasoning uses implements uses implements uses

7. RESOLVE Research Effort To achieve predictability in behavior and performance, RESOLVE research has entailed: Language design & development Software design & development System design & development Multi-institution effort (Clemson, Denison, Ohio State, Virginia Tech., others)

8. This Talk Profiles for Compositional Specification of Performance

9. Specification Outline Concept Stack_Template (type Entry; eval Max_Depth: Integer); Type_Family Stack … Operation Push … Operation Pop … Operation Depth_of … Operation Clear …... end Stack_Template;

10. Mathematical Modeling Concept Stack_Template (type Entry; eval Max_Depth: Integer); uses String_Theory; requires Max_Depth > 0; Type_Family Stack  Str(Entry); exemplar S; constraints  S   Max_Depth; initialization ensures S =  ; Operation Push … Operation Pop …... end Stack_Template;

11. Specification of Operations Operation Push (alters E: Entry; updates S: Stack); requires  S   Max_Depth; ensures S =  #E   #S; Operation Pop (replaces R: Entry; updates S: Stack); requires  S   0; ensures #S =  R  ° S; Operation Clear (clears S: Stack);...

12. Exmple Use... Facility Tree_Stk_Fac is Stack_Template(Tree_Info, 300) realized_by Clean_Array_Realiz;... Var T1, T2: Tree_Info; Var S1, S2: Stack;... Pop(T1, S1); Push(T1, S1); Push(T2, S1);...

13. Performance Profile Outline Profile SSC short_for Space_Conscious for Stack_Template; Type_Family Stack; Displacement … Initialization; duration … manip_disp … Operation Push … duration … manip_disp …... end SSC;

14. The Object Displacement Clause Assume the following representation: Type Stack = Record Contents: Array (1..Max_Depth) of Entry; Top: Integer; end; Space-conscious implementation(s) maintain this convention: all unused array locations (i.e., from index Top +1 to Max_Depth) always contain initial entries

15. The Object Displacement Clause Profile SSC short_for Space_Conscious for Stack_Template; Defines SSC D : ℕ ;... Type_Family Stack; Defn Cnts_Disp(  : Str(Entry) ): ℕ =( ); Displacement SSC D + Cnts_Disp( S ) + (Max_Depth  |S|)·Entry.I_Disp;... end SSC;

16. Initialization Performance Specification Profile SSC short_for Space_Conscious for Stack_Template;... Defines SSC I, SSC I1 : ℝ  0 ; Defines SSC MI : ℕ ; Type_Family Stack; Displacement... Initialization; duration SSC I + (SSC I1 + Entry.I_Dur)  Max_Depth; manip_disp SSC MI + (Max_Depth – 1)  Entry.I_Disp + Entry.IM_Disp; end SSC;

17. Performance Specification of Pop Profile SSC short_for Space_Conscious for Stack_Template; Defines SSC Po : ℝ  0 ; Type_Family Stack;... Oper Pop( replaces R: Entry; updates S: Stack ); duration SSC Po + Entry.I_Dur + Entry.F_Dur(#R); manip_disp SSC MPo + Max(Entry.IM_Disp, Entry.FM_Disp(#R));... end SSC;

18. Code for Pop Realization Clean_Array_Realiz for Stack_Template with_profile SSC; Definition SSC Po : ℝ  0 = Dur Call (2) + 2·Array.Dur :=: + 6·Record.Dur. + Int := + Int - ; Type Stack = Record … Procedure Pop( replaces R: Entry; updates S: Stack ); Var Fresh_Val: Entry; R :  : S.Contents(S.Top); S.Contents(S.Top) :  : Fresh_Val; S.Top :  S.Top  1; end Pop;... end Clean_Array_Realiz;

19. Performance Specification of Operations Profile SSC short_for Space_Conscious for Stack_Template; Defines... Type_Family Stack;... Oper Pop( replaces R: Entry; updates S: Stack ); duration SSC Po + Entry.I_Dur + Entry.F_Dur(#R); manip_disp SSC MPo + Max(Entry.IM_Disp, Entry.FM_Disp(#R)); Oper Push( clears E: Entry; updates S: Stack ); duration … manip_disp …... end SSC;

20. Performance Profile for Faster Implementations Profile SFC short_for Fast_Clear for Stack_Template; Type_Family Stack; Displacement … Initialization; duration … manip_disp … Operation Push … duration … manip_disp …... end SFC;

21. Efficient Implementations of Clear and Pop Realization Faster_Array_Realiz for Stack_Template with_profile SFC; Type Stack = Record... Procedure Pop( replaces R: Entry; updates S: Stack ); R :  : S.Contents(S.Top); S.Top :  S.Top  1; end Pop; Procedure Clear( updates S: Stack ); S.Top :  0; end Clear;... end Faster_Array_Realiz;

22. Need for Supplementary Models in Profiles Consider this code: Var S1, S2: Stack; … Push(…, S2); Clear(S2); At the end of the above code, S1 = S2 = , but occupied space may not be the same How would we express the storage usage for a Stack object based on its abstract value?

23. The Object Displacement Clause Profile SFC short_for Fast_Clear for Stack_Template; Type_Family Stack; Supplement SFC with Resid: Str(Entry); constraint |S.ipso| + |S.Resid| = Max_Depth; Defn Cnts_Disp(  : Str(Entry) ): ℕ = … Displacement SFC D + Cnts_Disp( S.Resid◦S.ipso );... end SFC;

24. Profile of Operations Profile SFC short_for Fast_Clear for Stack_Template; Type_Family Stack; Supplement SFC with Resid: Str(Entry);... Oper Pop( replaces R: Entry; updates S: Stack ); ensures S.Resid =  #R  ◦#S.Resid; duration …;manip_disp …; Oper Push( alters E: Entry; updates S: Stack ); ensures #S.Resid =  E  ◦S.Resid;... Oper Clear( clears S: Stack ); ensures S.Resid = #S.Resid◦#S.ipso;... end SFC;

25. Profile Composition Exercise Operation Flip( updates S: Stack ); ensures S = #S Rev ; Procedure Flip( updates S: Stack ); Var Next_Entry: Entry; Var S_Flipped: Stack; While ( Depth_of( S )  0 ) do Pop( Next_Entry, S ); Push( Next_Entry, S_Flipped ); end; S :  : S_Flipped; end;

26. Performance Profile of Flip Using SSC for Stack_Template Operation Flip( updates S: Stack ); duration (SFF F1 + Entry.I_Dur + Entry.Fin_IV_Dur + Stack.I_Dur + Stack.Fin_IV_Dur + (SFF F2 + Entry.I_Dur + Entry.Fin_IV_Dur)·|#S|; manip_disp (SFFF MC1 + Entry.I_Disp + Stack.I_Disp + Max (SFFFMC2, Entry.IM_Disp,Entry.FM_Disp));

27. How do you prove? Topic for another talk Modular Verification of Performance Constraints, Technical Report RSRG-03-04, Department of Computer Science, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634-0974, May 2003, 25 pages. Available at: www.clemson.edu/~resolve