1. Synaptic Transmission and Neural Integration

2. Neuron-to-Neuron Synapses
Figure 8.1
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3. Anatomy of a Synapse Figure 8.2a
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4. Communication Across a Synapse
Action potential
Voltage-gated Ca channels open
Calcium triggers exocytosis
NT diffuses and binds to receptor
Response in cell
Response terminated by removing neurotransmitter from synaptic cleft
Degradation
Reuptake
Diffusion
Figure 8.2b
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5. Signal Transduction at Synapses
Figure 8.3a
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6. Signal Transduction at Synapses
Slow, G-protein direct coupling to channel
Figure 8.3b
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7. Signal Transduction at Synapses
Slow, second messenger system
Figure 8.3c
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8. Fast Response EPSP Figure 8.4a
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9. Slow Response EPSP Figure 8.4b
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10. Inhibitory Synapses Neurotransmitter binds to receptor
Channels for either K or Cl open
If K channels open
K moves out  IPSP
If Cl channels open, either
Cl moves in  IPSP
Cl stabilizes membrane potential
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11. IPSPs Are Graded Potentials
Higher frequency of action potentials
More neurotransmitter released
More neurotransmitter binds to receptors
to open (or close) channels
Greater increase (or decrease) ion permeability
Greater (or lesser) ion flux
Greater hyperpolarization
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12. Inhibitory Synapse: K+ Channels
Figure 8.5
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13. Inhibitory Synapse: Cl- Channels
Figure 8.6a
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14. Inhibitory Synapse: Cl- Channels
Figure 8.6b
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15. Membrane Potential Stabilization
Figure 8.6c
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16. Divergence and Convergence
Figure 8.7
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17. Neural Integration
The summing of input from various synapses at the axon hillock of the postsynaptic neuron to determine whether the neuron will generate action potentials
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18. Temporal Summation Figure 8.8a–b
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19. Spatial Summation Figure 8.8a, c
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20. Frequency Coding
The degree of depolarization of axon hillock is signaled by the frequency of action potentials
Summation affects depolarization
Summation therefore influences frequency of action potentials
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21. IV. Presynaptic Modulation
The regulation of communication across a synapse
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22. Presynaptic Modulation
Asoaxonic synapses function as modulatory synapses
Presynaptic facilitation
Presynaptic inhibition
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23. Presynaptic Facilitation
Figure 8.9a
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24. Presynaptic Inhibition
Figure 8.9b
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25. Synaptic Function Comparison
Axoaxonic
Excite or inhibit one synapse
Selective
Axodendritic and axosomatic
Excite or inhibit postsynaptic neuron
Nonselective
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