1. بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم Cell Physiology

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23. Exit Home BASIM ZWAIN LECTURE NOTES BASIM ZWAIN LECTURE NOTES Cell Physiology Plasma membrane

37. Exit Home BASIM ZWAIN LECTURE NOTES BASIM ZWAIN LECTURE NOTES Cell Physiology Transport processes

38. Passive Processes Simple diffusion Facilitated diffusion Osmosis Filtration Exit Home BASIM ZWAIN LECTURE NOTES BASIM ZWAIN LECTURE NOTES

39. Exit Home BASIM ZWAIN LECTURE NOTES BASIM ZWAIN LECTURE NOTES Cell Physiology Plasma membrane Active Processes Active transport (uniport, symport and antiport) -Primary active transport -Secondary active transport

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42. Exit Home BASIM ZWAIN LECTURE NOTES BASIM ZWAIN LECTURE NOTES Cell Physiology Plasma membrane Active Processes Bulk (vesicular) transport Endocytosis (Pinocytosis, phagocytosis and receptor mediated endocytosis) Exocytosis (and transcytosis)

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44. Exit Home BASIM ZWAIN LECTURE NOTES BASIM ZWAIN LECTURE NOTES Cell Physiology Plasma membrane Types of junctions Tight junctions Desmosomes (anchoring junctions) Gap (or communicating) junctions

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46. Intercellular Communication

47. 47 Communication between cells requires: ligand: the signaling molecule receptor protein: the molecule to which the receptor binds -may be on the plasma membrane or within the cell Intercellular Communication

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49. 49 There are four basic mechanisms for cellular communication: 1. direct contact 2. paracrine signaling 3. endocrine signaling 4. synaptic signaling Intercellular Communication

50. 50 Direct contact – molecules on the surface of one cell are recognized by receptors on the adjacent cell Intercellular Communication

51. 51 Paracrine signaling – signal released from a cell has an effect on neighboring cells Intercellular Communication

52. 52 Endocrine signaling – hormones released from a cell affect other cells throughout the body Intercellular Communication

53. 53 Synaptic signaling – nerve cells release the signal (neurotransmitter) which binds to receptors on nearby cells Intercellular Communication

54. 54 When a ligand binds to a receptor protein, the cell has a response. signal transduction: the events within the cell that occur in response to a signal Different cell types can respond differently to the same signal. Intercellular Communication

55. 55 A cell’s response to a signal often involves activating or inactivating proteins. Phosphorylation is a common way to change the activity of a protein. protein kinase – an enzyme that adds a phosphate to a protein phosphatase – an enzyme that removes a phosphate from a protein Intercellular Communication

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57. 57 Receptor Types Receptors can be defined by their location. intracellular receptor – located within the cell cell surface receptor or membrane receptor – located on the plasma membrane to bind a ligand outside the cell

58. 58 Receptor Types There are 3 subclasses of membrane receptors: 1. channel linked receptors – ion channel that opens in response to a ligand 2. enzymatic receptors – receptor is an enzyme that is activated by the ligand 3. G protein-coupled receptor – a G- protein (bound to GTP) assists in transmitting the signal

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60. 60 Intracellular Receptors steroid hormones -have a nonpolar, lipid-soluble structure -can cross the plasma membrane to a steroid receptor -usually affect regulation of gene expression An inhibitor blocks the receptor from binding to DNA until the hormone is present.

61. 61 Intracellular Receptors A steroid receptor has 3 functional domains: 1. hormone-binding domain 2. DNA binding domain 3. domain that interacts with coactivators to affect gene expression

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63. 63 Receptor Kinases receptor tyrosine kinases -membrane receptor -when bound by a ligand, the receptor is activated by dimerization and autophosphorylation -activated receptor adds a phosphate to tyrosine on a response protein -an example is the insulin receptor

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66. 66 Receptor Kinases kinase cascade – a series of protein kinases that phosphorylate each other in succession -amplifies the signal because a few signal molecules can elicit a large cell response mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinases are activated by kinase cascades

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69. 69 G-Protein Coupled Receptors G-protein – protein bound to GTP G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCRs) – receptors bound to G proteins -G-protein is a switch turned on by the receptor -G-protein then activates an effector protein (usually an enzyme)

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71. 71 G-Protein Coupled Receptors Once activated, the effector protein produces a second messenger. -second messenger generates the cellular response to the original signal For example – one common effector protein is adenylyl cyclase which produces cAMP as a second messenger. Other second messengers: inositol phosphates, calcium ions (Ca 2+ )

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73. 73 Cell-to-Cell Interactions Cells can identify each other by cell surface markers. -glycolipids are commonly used as tissue- specific markers -major histocompatibility complex (MHC) proteins are used by cells to distinguish “self” from “non-self”

74. 74 Cell-to-Cell Interactions Cells within a tissue are connected to each other by cell junctions 1. tight junctions – create sheets of cells 2. anchoring junctions – connect the cytoskeletons of adjacent cells 3. communicating junctions – permit small molecules to pass between cells a. gap junctions – in animal cells b. plasmodesmata – in plant cells

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78. Cell Physiology فسبحان ربك رب العزة عما يصفون وسلام على المرسلين والحمد لله رب العلمين Exit Home BASIM ZWAIN LECTURE NOTES BASIM ZWAIN LECTURE NOTES