1. Top-down approach 長庚化材系 郭修伯

2. Grinding l 粗碎： n m 級 to 10 cm 以下 n Jaw crusher n Gyratory crusher

3. Grinding l 中碎： n 10 cm to 1 cm 以下 ; Crushing roll

4. Grinding l 中碎： n 10 cm to 1 cm 以下 ; Hammer mill & Roller mill

5. Grinding l 微粉碎： n 1 cm to 10 micron 以下 ; roller mill, jet mill, ball mill, vibration mill, planetary mill Low temperature increasing 大小 ball 分佈；最適回轉數

6. Grinding l 微粉碎： n 1 cm to 10 micron 以下 ; roller mill, jet mill, ball mill, vibration mill, planetary mill 40-50 % fill, several g

7. Grinding l 超微粉碎： n 10 micron to 1 micron 以下 ; 介質攪拌型粉碎機, vibration mill, planetary mill

8. Surface charge distribution l The distributions of ions and counter ions are controlled by n Coulomic force or electrostatic force n Entropic force or dispersion n Brownian motion l Inhomogenous distribution n double layer structure n separated by the Helmholtz plane

9. Fig 2.14

10. Van der Waals attraction potential l The sum of the molecular interaction for all pairs of molecules n weak force and becomes significant only at a very short distance n agglomeration of nanoparticles: the combination of van der Waals force and Brownian motion n Prevent agglomeration: electrostatic repulsion and steric exclusion

11. Electrostatic repulsion stabilization Fig 2.18

12. Steric exclusion stabilization l Also “polymeric stabilization” l Widely used in stabilization of colloidal dispersions n thermodynamic stabilization: particles are always redispersible n high concentration can be accommodated n not electrolyte sensitive n suitable to multiple phase systems

13. Polymeric stabilization Fig 2.21

14. Gas phase particle formation

15. Gas phase particle formation, CVD

18. Formation of particles in solutions

20. Formation of particles in solutions, chemical methods

21. Formation of particles in solutions, physical methods