1. Structure Programming Lecture 8 Chapter 5&6 - Function – part I 12 December 2015

2. Outlines 2 Introduction Math Library Functions Function Definitions with Multiple Parameters Return values Argument Passing Declaration, definitions and calling of user- defined functions Functions with no type functions with Empty Parameter List 2 December 2015

3. Introduction Experience has shown that the best way to develop and maintain a large program is to construct it from small, simple pieces, or components. – This technique is called divide and conquer. – Any sequence of instructions that appears in a program more than once can be encapsulated into a function. In C++ we will have two types of functions: Pre-defined “such as functions in the class math ‘Cmath’ ”. User/programmer defined Another reason to use functions (and the reason they were invented, long ago) is to reduce program size. 32 December 2015

4. Program Components in C++ The C++ Standard Library provides a rich collection of functions. Functions you write are referred to as user-defined functions or programmer-defined functions. invokedfunction call A function is invoked by a function call, and when the called function completes its task, – either returns a result or – simply returns control to the caller. ”if it is void return value” 42 December 2015

5. Program Components in C++ The function’s code is stored in only one place in memory, even though the function is executed many times in the program.

6. Math Library Functions global functions header files Function prototypes for global functions are placed in header files, so that the global functions can be reused in any program that includes the header file and that can link to the function’s object code. The header file provides a collection of functions that enable you to perform common mathematical calculations. All functions in the is called simply by specifying the name of the function followed by parentheses containing the function’s arguments. cos (x) Some math library functions are summarized in Fig. 6.2. – In the figure, the variables x and y are of type double. 62 December 2015

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9. Function Declarations vs. Definitions Example Int add(int x, int y); // Declaration (or prototype)... Void main() {... cout << x << “! is “ << add(x,y) << endl; // calling the function... }... Int add(int x, int y)// Definition {... } 9 Before a function may be called by any other function it must be either defined or declared. 2 December 2015

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11. Function Components 112 December 2015

12. Function Declarations vs. Definitions, cont. The compiler refers to the function prototype to check that calls to function contain – the correct numbers and types of arguments – and that the types of the arguments are in the correct order. Each argument must be consistent with the type of the corresponding parameter. If the arguments passed to a function do not match the types specified in the function’s prototype, the compiler attempts to convert the arguments to those types. 122 December 2015

13. Example 2, cont. #include long factorial(int); // declaration Void main() { int x; cout “ << endl; cin >> x; cout << x << “! is “ << factorial(x) << endl; } How might we call our function from a main() function? When a function is declared separately from its definition, this is called a forward declaration. Forward declarations need only to specify return type, parameters type, parameter number and order of parameters. Parameter names are irrelevant. 132 December 2015

14. Example 2, cont. The definition consists of a line called the declarator, followed by the function body. The definition contains the actual code for the function. long factorial(int n) // declarator { long result = 1, k = n;// function body. while(k > 1) { result *= k--; } return result; } 142 December 2015

15. Function with no return results If the function does return a result, the statement return expression ; If the function does not return a result (i.e., it has a void return type), control returns when the program reaches the function-ending right brace, or by execution of the statement return; 152 December 2015

16. Functions with no return results. The use of void // void function example #include using namespace std; void printmessage (int x) { for (int i=0; i<=x; i++) cout << "I'm a function!“<< x ; } void main () { printmessage (5); } 162 December 2015

17. Function Definitions with Multiple Parameters called A function is a group of statements that is executed when it is called from some point of the program. Function format with multiple parameters : ReturnType funcName ( parameter1, parameter2,...) { statements } Multiple parameters are specified in both the function prototype and the function header as a comma-separated list. Function with no parameters is specified by writing either void or nothing at all in parentheses. ReturnType funcName ( ) or ReturnType funcName (void) 172 December 2015

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19. Function Definitions with Multiple Parameters, cont. { code to perform a task } ReturnType funcName (parameters) ---- ; Var = funcName (arguments); //function call ---; 19 function call There must be one argument in the function call for each parameter in the function definition. Arguments is the name of the values that the function call passes to the function for the parameters. 2 December 2015

20. Example #include using namespace std; int addition (int a, int b) { int r; r=a+b; return r; } 202 December 2015

21. int main () { int z; z = addition (5,3); cout << "The result is " << z; return 0; } The output of program: The result is 8 Example, cont. 212 December 2015

22. int main () { int x=5, y=3, z; z = addition (5,3); cout << "The result is " << z << '\n'; cout << "The second result is " << addition (5,3) << '\n'; cout << "The third result is " << addition (x,y) << '\n'; z= 4 + addition (x,y); cout << "The fourth result is " << z << '\n'; return 0; } The result is 8 The second result is 8 The third result is 8 The fourth result is 12 Example (some different calling methods), cont. 222 December 2015

23. Reference Parameters “Argument Passing” There are two ways to pass arguments to functions in C++: Pass by VALUE Pass by REFERENCE Pass by VALUE The value of a variable is passed along to the function The function creates copies of the argument passed to it. If the function modifies that value, the modifications stay within the scope of that function and do not affect the original variable’s value in memory. Pass by REFERENCE A reference to the variable is passed along to the function. The called function access the caller’s data directly. If the function modifies that value, the modifications appear also within the scope of the calling function, i.e. The function can change the original variable’s value in memory. 232 December 2015

24. Argument Passing by Value Passing Constants int z; z = addition (5,3); Passing Variables int x=5, y=3, z; z= addition (x,y); 242 December 2015

25. 25 Problem: i- What is the output of the following program? void cubev(int ); void main( ) { int n=5; cout<< n<<endl; cubev( n); cout<< n<<endl; } void cubev(int x){ x= x * x * x ; } Call by Value 2 December 2015

26. Pass by VALUE x 5 cubev 5 n Main() 26 x 125 cubev 5 n Main() Start of the call At the end of call 2 December 2015

27. 27 Problem: i- What is the output of the following program? void cubev(int ); void main( ) { int n=5; cout<< n<<endl; cubev( n); cout<< n<<endl; } void cubev(int x){ x= x * x * x ; } 5555 Prob: ii - Modify this program to give the cube using Call by Reference? Call by Value 2 December 2015

28. 28 Solution: Cuber function using Call by Reference void cuber(int &); void main( ){ int n=5; cout<< n<<endl; cuber(n ); cout<< n<<endl; } void cuber(int &x){ x= x * x * x ; } 5 125 2 December 2015

29. Pass by reference 5 n Main() x cuber 29 125 n Main() x cuber Start of the call At the end of call 2 December 2015

30. Why use Pass By Reference? Because you really want changes made to a parameter to persist in the scope of the calling function. 1. You need to return more than one value to the calling function. 2. Because you are passing a large amounts of data Passing by reference passes merely a reference (pointer) to the data, not the data itself. 302 December 2015

31. Why use Pass By Reference? 1- Because you want to return two values void order (int & a, int & b) { if(a > b) {int temp = a; //swap them a = b; b = temp; } void main() { int num1 = 21, num2 = 12; //this pair not ordered order (num1, num2); cout << “num1 = “ << num1 << endl; cout << “num2 = “ << num2 << endl; } 312 December 2015

32. Pass by reference 21 num1 Main() 12 num2 a b order 12 num1 Main() 21 num2 a b order 322 December 2015

33. Your turn (1/4) 3. Write a function called foo() that displays the word foo. 4. A one-statement description of a function is referred to as a function d_________ or a p_________. 5. The statements that carry out the work of the function constitute the function _________. 6. A program statement that invokes a function is a function _________. 7. The first line of a function definition is referred to as the _________. 332 December 2015

34. Your turn (2/4) 8. A function argument is a. a variable in the function that receives a value from the calling program. b. a way that functions resist accepting the calling program’s values. c. a value sent to the function by the calling program. d. a value returned by the function to the calling program. 342 December 2015

35. Your turn (3/4) 13. How many values can be returned from a function? 14. True or false: When a function returns a value, the entire function call can appear on the right side of the equal sign and be assigned to another variable. 16. A function that doesn’t return anything has return type _________. 352 December 2015

36. Your turn (4/4) 17. Here’s a function: int times2(int a) { return (a*2); } Write a main() program that includes everything necessary to call this function. 362 December 2015

37. Answers 3. void foo() { cout << “foo”; } 4. declaration, prototype 5. body 6. call 7. declarator 8. C 13. one 14. Ttrue 16. Void 17. int times2(int a); // prototype main() { int alpha = times2(37); // function call }