4. EQ: What are Earth’s plates, and how do their movements change our planet’s surface?

6. Geologists have used two main types of evidence to learn about Earth’s interior: direct evidence from rock samples and indirect evidence from seismic waves.

8. study Earth’s interior by indirect methods.

9. Geologists record seismic waves and study how they travel through Earth.

12. increases quickly, and then more slowly.

13. increases as you move from the surface towards the center

14. Pressure – is the force pushing on a surface or area

17. a layer of rock that forms Earth’s outer surface. contains- mountains, rocks, soil, and water dry land and ocean floor (continental crust & oceanic crust) 5-40 kilometers thick thinnest under oceans and thickest under mountains

18. makes up most of oceanic crust dark, dense rock with a fine texture

19. makes up most of continental crust usually lighter in color, less dense, and with larger crystals than basalt

21. directly below the crust layer of solid hot rock contains lithosphere, and asthenosphere nearly 3,000 kilometers thick Earth’s thickest layer (most mass)

23. uppermost part of the mantle and the crust together rigid layer (lithos means “stone”) averages 100 kilometers thick

24. soft layer just below the lithosphere soft layer (asthenes means “weak”)

25. contains iron and nickel behaves like a thick liquid 2,250 km thick

26. under extreme pressure very dense ball of solid metal 1,200 km thick

27. Crust Mantle Outer Core Inner Core

28. Video link: inner core spins inside the Earth at a slightly faster rate than the rest of the planet, which causes the planet to act like a giant bar magnet.

31. What makes up Earth’s hard surface?

32. What is geology? The study of planet Earth

33. Give an example of a constructive force. volcanoes shape the surface by building up mountains and landforms

34. Give an example of a destructive force. rain and ocean waves shapes the surface by slowly wearing away mountains and other landforms

35. About how far is it from the surface to the center of the Earth? over 6,000 kilometers

36. How do geologists learn about Earth’s interior? indirect method- they use seismic waves

37. How are seismic waves produced? earthquakes

38. What happens to the temperature as you from the surface toward the center of the Earth? the temperature increases quickly at first and then more slowly

39. What happens to the pressure as you go from the surface toward the center of Earth? pressure increases

40. What are the main layers that make up Earth? inner core, outer core, mantle, & crust

41. The outer layer of rock that forms Earth’s outer skin is called? the crust

42. Where is the crust the thickest? under mountains

43. Where is Earth’s crust the thinnest? under the oceans

44. What is basalt? the dark-colored rock that makes up most of the oceanic crust

45. What is granite? the light-colored rock that makes up most of the continental crust

46. What is the mantle? layer of hot rock between the crust and the core

47. What is the lithosphere? rigid layer that includes the upper part of the mantle and crust

48. What is the asthenosphere ? soft layer just below the lithosphere

49. How thick is the mantle? 2,900 km

50. What makes up the outer core? iron and nickel

51. What are the main layers that make up Earth? inner core, outer core, mantle, & crust