1. SUPERNOVA! SN 1994D in NGC 4526, NASA / ESA / Hubble Key Project Team / High-Z Supernova Search Team http://www.spacetelescope.org/images/html/opo9919i.html David Corliss Toledo Astronomical Association February 6, 2009

2. OUTLINE BASIC FACTS TYPES OF SUPERNOVAE 1 a SN - HOW THEY HAPPEN RESEARCH SUPERNOVA SURVEYS REFERENCES

3. A SUPERNOVA IS ….. BRIGHT They can briefly outshine their entire galaxy ENERGETIC In just a few weeks, a supernova can give off as much energy as the sun in it’s entire lifetime RARE On average, only one every 50 years in the entire Milky Way FAST Up to 3% of the speed of light

4. TWO TYPES Type Ia Violent explosion of a White Dwarf star caused by a runaway nuclear reaction Ib, Ic and Type II Complex core collapse of a giant star releases energy, blowing off the outer layers into space and leaving behind a Pulsar or Black Hole

5. Tycho’s Supernova X-ray image of the SN 1572 remnant as seen by Calar Alto Observatory www.nasa.gov/multimedia/imagegallery

6. SN 185 CHANDRA X-ray image of the SN 185 remnant Observed by Chinese astronomers in 185 - the earliest known record of a supernova Type Ia NASA/CXC/Univ. of Utrecht/J.Vink et al. XMM-Newton: ESA/Univ. of Utrecht/J.Vink et al http://chandra.harvard.edu/photo/2006/rcw86

7. SN 1006 CHANDRA X-ray image of the SN 1006 remnant Brightest Apparent Magnitude event ever recorded – brighter than Venus Type Ia NASA/CXC/Rutgers/J.Hughes et al. http://chandra.harvard.edu/photo/2005/ sn1006/

8. Cassiopeia A CHANDRA X-ray image Type IIb The Pulsar is very bright at Radio wavelengths but the SN remnant is very faint optically NASA/CXC/SAO/Rutgers/J.Hughes http://chandra.harvard.edu/photo/199 9/casajph/

9. SN 1987A Type II Exploded 168,000 years ago in the LMC but the light only got to us in 1987 NASA / ESA http://www.spacetelescope.org/index.html

10. ENERGY RELEASED BY CORE COLLAPSE PUSHES OUTER LAYER AWAY TO BECOME A PLANETARY NEBULA CARBON & OXYGEN CORE COLLAPSES, BECOMES PULSAR OR BLACK HOLE TYPE Ib, Ic & TYPE II SUPERNOVA: Core Collapse

11. SNR 1054 CRAB NEBULA TYPE 2: CORE COLLAPSE WITH A CENTRAL PULSAR M1, the Crab Nebula. Courtesy of NASA/ESA

12. TYPE 1a SUPERNOVA: STEP 1 White Dwarf star accumulates mass from a binary companion http://hubblesite.org/newscenter/newsdesk/archive/releases/1995/23/image/a

13. THIN OUTER LAYER OF HYDROGEN AND HELIUM CARBON / OXYGEN CORE WHEN THE MASS OF THE STAR REACHES 1.38 SOLAR MASSES, THE TEMPERATURE IN THE CORE BECOMES HIGH ENOUGH TO MAKE THE CARBON FUSE TYPE 1a SUPERNOVA: STEP 2 Carbon Detonation

14. LIGHT Mv = -19.3 5 BILLION TIMES AS BRIGHT AS THE SUN TYPE 1a SUPERNOVA: STEP 3 Explosion LOTS AND LOTS OF NEUTRINOS THIN SHELL OF GAS EXPANDS AT UP TO 3% THE SPEED OF LIGHT CARBON / OXYGEN CORE VANISHES

15. SUPERNOVA SURVEYS SLOAN DIGITAL SKY SURVEY PURPOSE Map 25 % of the Sky and Everything in it INSTRUMENT Automated 2.5 m APO Telescope CRITERIA Anything and Everything in the Survey Area HOW MANY 100 M Objects; 580 Supernovae

16. SUPERNOVA SURVEYS ESSENCE PURPOSE Measure the Amount of Dark Energy INSTRUMENT CTIO 4 m and others CRITERIA Type Ia Early Universe: z = 0.2 to 0.8 HOW MANY Seeking 200 Type Ia; 90 so far

17. SUPERNOVA SURVEYS SUPERNOVA LEGACY SURVEY PURPOSE Detect and Monitor, Measure Characteristics HOW MANY Seeking 2,000 Supernovae INSTRUMENT CFHT 3.58 m / 340 MP CRITERIA High Redshift Early Universe

18. SUPERNOVA SURVEYS VIMOS PURPOSE Find the rate at which supernovae happen CRITERIA Redshift from ~ 0.1 to ~ 1.2 HOW MANY 14 Confirmed, another 23 possibles INSTRUMENT VIMOS Wide-Field Multiple- Object Spectrograph

19. What We Can Learn From Supernovae SystematicControl Host-galaxy dust extinction Wavelength-dependent absorption identified with high S/N multi-band photometry. Supernova evolutionSupernova subclassified with high S/N light curves and peak- brightness spectrum. Malmquist biasSupernova discovered early with high S/N multi-band photometry. K-correctionConstruction of a library of supernova spectra. Gravitational lensingMeasure the average flux for a large number of supernovae in each redshift bin. Non-Type Ia contamination Classification of each event with a peak-brightness spectrum. For accurate and precision cosmology, need to identify and control systematic uncertainties. Eric Linder University of California, Berkeley Lawrence Berkeley National Lab

20. REFERENCES SN 1994D in NGC 4526, NASA / ESA / Hubble Key Project Team / High-Z Supernova Search Team X-ray image of the SN 1572 remnant / Calar Alto Observatory / NASA NASA/CXC/Univ. of Utrecht/J.Vink et al. XMM- Newton: ESA/Univ. of Utrecht/J.Vink et al NASA/CXC/Rutgers/J.Hughes et al. SN 1987A - NASA / ESA NASA /HST hubblesite.org/newscenter/newsdesk/archive/release s/1995/23/image/a Sloan Digital Sky Survay / Sloan Foundation Eric Linder / University of California, Berkeley Lawrence Berkeley National Lab