1. Bell Work Grab a syllabus, whiteboard, and marker. On your whiteboard, write the name you go by, one goal you have for the school year, and one thing you did over the summer.

2. Textbooks!

3. AP Psychology: Unit 1 History & Approaches

6. Course Overview Based on National Standards: Semester 1 1.History and Approaches of Psychology (3 days) 2.Memory (5 days) 3.Research Methods (14 days) 4.Biological Bases of Behavior (14 days) 5.Developmental Psychology (12 days) 6.Sensation and Perception (12 days) 7.States of Consciousness (5 days) 8.Learning (13 days) 9.Cognition—Thinking and Language (10 days)

7. Course Overview Cont. Semester 2 10. Testing and Individual Differences (10 days) 11. Motivation and Emotion (12 days) 12. Stress and Health (5 days) 13. Personality (10 days) 14. Abnormal Behavior (13 days) 15. Treatment of Abnormal Behavior (10 days) 16. Social Psychology (15 days) AP TEST 17. College and Career Options Final Project

8. Grading

9. Summative Assessments Follow the AP model 2/3 Multiple Choice to 1/3 Free Response Question (FRQ/Essay) What Do I Study? – Chapter from the book – Notes from lecture/PPT I will often post the PPT on the class website: msbeam.weebly.com

10. Attendance Attendance is taken within the first five minutes of class. – ParentLink More than 10 unexcused absences puts you at risk for not receiving credit for the class. If you are late for over half of the class period, this is counted as an absence.

11. Things That Ms. Beam Can’t Stand Electronics being seen or heard, unless okayed by Ms. Beam Any inappropriate language (including, but not limited to, swearing, racial slurs, homophobic language, and the ‘r’ word). Bullying (words, physical harm, disrespect of property) Looking out the blinds Turning off the lights Disruptive behavior (including but not limited to throwing things across the room, sharing food, walking around the room, and personal grooming) Asking for things at inappropriate times (bathroom/wipes/etc.) Plagiarism

12. Things That Ms. Beam Loves Sheep! Penguins Smiling Positive attitudes towards learning Showing off for guests Participation When students work hard and make good choices “What happens in class, stays in class.”

13. Homework Syllabus Parent Signature

14. We are meeting in the computer lab (119) tomorrow!!!

15. Team Name This class period is a team. You will have team successes and team failures. You need a team name.

17. AP Psychology Approaches to Psychology

18. Psychology is... the science that studies mental processes and behavior in humans and other animals. the profession which applies the knowledge of this science to practical problems.

19. Are there universal questions? History: Then to Now

20. History of Psychology Although the science of psychology started in the late 1800’s, the concept has been around a lot longer. There was evidence of trephination (cutting holes into a skull to let evil spirits out) back in the stone age.

21. 21 Psychology’s Roots Prescientific Psychology www.bodydharma.org/photo/buddha.jpg In India, Buddha wondered how sensations and perceptions combined to form ideas.

22. Through out human history, thinkers have wondered: How do our minds work? How do our bodies relate to our minds? How much of what we know comes built in? How much is acquired through experience?

23. 23 Prescientific Psychology Confucius (551-479 B.C.) In China, Confucius stressed the power of ideas and the importance of an educated mind. home.tiscali.be/alain.ernotte/livre/confucius.jpg

24. 24 Prescientific Psychology Hebrew Scriptures Hebrew scriptures linked mind and emotion to the body. www.havurahhatorah.org/images/hebrewbible.jpg

25. 25 Prescientific Psychology Socrates (469-399 B.C.) and Plato (428-348 B.C.) Socrates and his student Plato believed the mind was separate from the body, the mind continued to exist after death, and ideas were innate. Socrates Plato http://www.law.umkc.edu

26. 26 Prescientific Psychology Rene Descartes (1596-1650) Descartes, like Plato, believed in soul (mind)-body separation, but wondered how the immaterial mind and physical body communicated. http://www.spacerad.com http://ocw.mit.edu

27. Descartes like Plato believed the immaterial mind and physical body were separate but communicated in the brain at pineal gland. Animal spirits moved from the brain to act on the muscles and experiences lead the nerves to open up “pores” in the brain to form memories. Descartes was right about the nerves connecting the inside and the outside worlds but had no notion of how these nerves functioned.

28. 28 Prescientific Psychology John Locke (1632-1704) Locke held that the mind was a tabula rasa, or blank slate, at birth, and experiences wrote on it. biografieonline.it/img/bio/John_Locke.jpg

29. 29 Psychology’s Big Debate Nature versus Nurture Darwin stated that nature selects those that best enable the organism to survive and reproduce in a particular environment. Darwin (1809-1882)

30. Rationalism vs. Empiricism Rationalism: A belief or theory that opinions and actions originate from reason. – “I can sit here and think myself an answer.” – Descartes: “I think; therefore, I am.” Empiricism: The view that knowledge originates in experience and that science should rely on observation and experimentation. – “All behavior and knowledge is observable and outside of me.” – Locke: Tabula Rasa

31. Waves of Psychology The science of psychology has gone through about 5 different waves since it started. Waves are different ways of thinking over time.

32. Wave One: Introspection Kickin’ it old school Started with William Wundt’s first psychological laboratory and his concept of introspection (structuralism). Then William James wrote The Principles of Psychology and discussed functionalism. In reality, these ideas do not have much impact on how psychologists think today. These guys were considered hot, back in the day!!!!

33. 33 Psychological Science is Born Structuralism Wundt and Titchener studied the elements (atoms) of the mind by conducting experiments at Leipzig, Germany, in 1879. Wundt differentiated psychology from philosophy and physiology. Wundt (1832-1920) Titchner (1867-1927)

34. Psychology— psych: breath, spirit, soul log: study of/research

35. What is “science”? In Latin, it means ‘knowledge.’ Generally, a science involves research that aims to uncover universal laws/truths, using the scientific method (testing hypotheses).

36. Structuralism Think/Pair/Share Why is Wilhelm Wundt credited as the first psychologist/scientist studying behavior and mental processes?

37. 37 Psychological Science is Born Functionalism Influenced by Darwin, William James established the school of functionalism, which opposed structuralism. James suggested that it would be more fruitful to consider the evolved functions of our thoughts and feelings than simply studying the elements of mind. Based on the theory of evolution, he suggested that the function of these thoughts and feelings was adaptive. James (1842-1910) Mary Calkins

38. Structuralism vs Functionalism: The First Debate in Psychology The goal of structuralism was to break consciousness down into its basic parts so it could be analyzed. Structuralists tended to work in labs, using techniques like introspection. Functionalists believed that psychology should study the function of consciousness, not analyze its parts. Functionalists began studying intelligence, child development, sex roles, and other aspects of the real world.

39. Wave Two: Gestalt Psychology Led by Max Wertheimer, these guys focused not on how we feel, but on how we experience the world. The whole of an experience can be more than the sum of its parts. Think for a moment of all the reasons that you love a close loved one. If you add all those reasons up, do they equal your love for that loved one? Hopefully not!!! This may seem like one picture, but it can be perceived as 3 different faces. Can you find them?

40. Psychological Science Develops Gestalt 40 The main idea of Gestalt psychology is “the whole is other than the sum of its parts.” Wertheimer (1880-1943)

41. Wave Three: Psychoanalysis This wave of thinking started with Sigmund Freud (in the early 1900’s). In a nutshell, during this time period people believed that most of your feelings come from a hidden place in your mind called the unconscious. We protect ourselves from our real feeling by using defense mechanisms.

42. Psychodynamic Also called, “psychoanalytic.” We have an internal consciousness and drives Those hidden complexes (especially childhood) shape our behavior Dream analysis Psychoanalytic Theory studies the influence of the unconscious on behaviour.

43. Psychodynamic/Psychoanalytic As psychodynamic/psychoanalytic theory is focused on the unconscious mind and thought processes, it cannot be directly observed. Therefore, Freud’s theories have been labeled “unscientific and unverifiable.” Think/Pair/Share: Explain.

44. Freud’s Theory of the Unconscious Mind Depends on the idea that humans can remember events but not be consciously aware of the memory The Conscious Mind: Current Awareness (Iceberg above water) The Preconscious Mind: Ordinary Memory (Iceberg visible below water) The Unconscious Mind: Memories that We Don’t Remember (Iceberg submerged out-of-sight)

45. Wave Four: Behaviorism During this time period (early to mid 1900s), people started to ignore how you feel inside. All that mattered was how you acted. If you they could change your behavior, who cares how you feel. Very popular during the conservative 1950’s when social appearance mattered more than self expression.

46. 46 Psychological Science Develops Behaviorism Watson (1913) and later Skinner emphasized the study of overt behavior and reinforcement as the subject matter of scientific psychology. We can’t study consciousness/thought Watson (1878-1958) Skinner (1904-1990)

47. Behaviorists explain human thought and behavior as a result of past conditioning.

48. Behaviorism Ivan Pavlov  John Watson  B.F. Skinner

49. 49 Psychological Science Develops Humanistic Psychology Maslow and Rogers emphasized current environmental influences on our growth potential and our need for love and acceptance. Maslow (1908-1970) Rogers (1902-1987) http://facultyweb.cortland.edu http://www.carlrogers.dk

50. Humanism studies the unique aspects of humans. Humans are free, rational, and have potential for personal growth.

51. Blind Men and the Elephant

52. Wave Five: Eclectic We are now in wave five….which is about variety. Psychologists pick and choose what theories to use depending on the situation and the client. Just choosing the Pokemon to fight someone depending the situation.

53. Eclectic A therapist who says that she uses whatever psychological perspective “works best” for each patient might be best described as eclectic/hermeneutics. “My music collection is really eclectic.”

54. Wave Five is made up of about 7 different perspectives. In other words, psychologists today, pick and choose from about 7 schools of thought to help you with your problems. Thus we have: THE SEVEN SCHOOLS OF PSYCHOLOGY

55. Biopsychology (Neuroscience) Perspective All of your feelings and behaviors have an organic root. In other words, they come from your brain, body chemistry, neurotransmitters, etc… Let us imagine for a second that your dog died (sad but it will happen). You become depressed. You stop eating and sleeping. What would a psychologist from this school say is going on and how might they help you?

56. Evolutionary Perspective Focuses on Darwinism. We behave the way we do because we inherited those behaviors. Thus, those behaviors must have helped ensure our ancestors survival. How could this behavior have ensured Homer’s ancestors survival?

57. Psychoanalytic Perspective Focuses on the unconscious mind. We repress many of our true feelings and are not aware of them. In order to get better, we must bring forward the true feelings we have in our unconscious. If a man has intimacy issues and cannot form relationships with others. What do you think someone from this school may think? Perhaps they may delve into the man’s unconscious and discover that he was bullied when he were younger. The bullying may have caused fear in getting close to others.

58. Behavioral Perspective Focuses on observable behaviors while putting feelings to the side. We behave in ways because we have been conditioned to do so. To change behaviors, we have to recondition the client. Pretend that you fail psychology class. You become depressed. In turn, you begin to binge and gain weight. What do you think a behaviorist may do? They would probably ignore the fact that you are depressed and just focus on your overeating. Maybe make you run a mile every time you eat over 2000 calories.

59. Humanist Perspective Peaked in the late 1960’s and 70’s….so it focused on spirituality and free will. We have to strive to be the best we can be “self-actualization”. Happiness is defined by the distance between our “self-concept” and “ideal self”.

60. Cognitive Perspective Focuses on how we think (or encode information) How do we see the world? How did we learn to react to sad or happy events? Cognitive Therapist attempt to change the way you think. You meet a girl… Hopes are high!!! She rejects you…don’t even get digits. How do you react to the rejection? Some learned to get back on the horse And try again. Some learned to give up and live a lonely life of solitude.

61. Social-Cultural Perspective Says that much of your behavior and your feelings are dictated by the culture you live in. Some cultures kiss each other when greeting, some just bow. Does your culture place value on individual or the group?

62. (Developmental) Psychology’s Three Big Debates Nature Versus Nurture – Is it genes or environment? Stability Versus Change – Are we pretty much the same since we’re born, or do we change over time? Continuity Versus Discontinuity – Do we change slowly or drastically?

63. 63 Psychology’s Three Main Levels of Analysis How do they work together?

64. 64 Psychology’s Current Perspectives PerspectiveFocusSample Questions NeuroscienceHow the body and brain enables emotions? How are messages transmitted in the body? How is blood chemistry linked with moods and motives? EvolutionaryHow the natural selection of traits the promotes the perpetuation of one’s genes? How does evolution influence behavior tendencies? Behavior geneticsHow much our genes and our environments influence our individual differences? To what extent are psychological traits such as intelligence, personality, sexual orientation, and vulnerability to depression attributable to our genes? To our environment?

65. 65 Psychology’s Current Perspectives PerspectiveFocusSample Questions PsychodynamicHow behavior springs from unconscious drives and conflicts? How can someone’s personality traits and disorders be explained in terms of sexual and aggressive drives or as disguised effects of unfulfilled wishes and childhood traumas? BehavioralHow we learn observable responses? How do we learn to fear particular objects or situations? What is the most effective way to alter our behavior, say to lose weight or quit smoking?

66. 66 Psychology’s Current Perspectives PerspectiveFocusSample Questions CognitiveHow we encode, process, store and retrieve information? How do we use information in remembering? Reasoning? Problem solving? Social-culturalHow behavior and thinking vary across situations and cultures? How are we — as Africans, Asians, Australians or North Americans – alike as members of human family? As products of different environmental contexts, how do we differ?

67. Think/Pair/Share What is the difference between sex and gender?

68. New Trends Positive Psychology New trend: Identifying what is right with you Martin Segliman Resilency Flow Mindfulness Mind-body connection Center for Healthy Mind (Davidson) Quiet the mind

69. What are ways psychology touches our daily lives?

70. What Is the Purpose of Psychology? - Describe Behavior - Predict Behavior -Influence Behavior

71. How Do We Do That ?

72. Closure On Whiteboard Based on what we have talked about today, what will YOU do specifically to succeed in this class (either academically or behaviorally)

73. Closure Based on what we have talked about today, which psychological perspective do you agree with the most?