1. EOCT Review
Day 2: Genetics

2. SB2. Students will analyze how biological traits are passed on to successive generations
a. Distinguish between DNA and RNA.
b. Explain the role of DNA in storing and transmitting cellular information.
c. Using Mendel’s laws, explain the role of meiosis in reproductive variability.
d. Describe the relationships between changes in DNA and potential appearance of new traits including
e. Compare the advantages of sexual reproduction and asexual reproduction in different situations
f. Examine the use of DNA technology in forensics, medicine, and agriculture

3. SB2a. Distinguish between DNA and RNA.
DNA and RNA are both nucleic acids (made up of nucleotides)
Nucleotides have 3 parts: sugar, phosphate, nitrogen base
DNA nitrogen bases: A, T, C, and G
RNA:U instead of T
DNA has deoxyribose, RNA has ribose
DNA is double stranded, RNA is single stranded

5. SB2b. Explain the role of DNA in storing and transmitting cellular information.
DNA is copied during replication
DNA is used as a template to make mRNA (transcription)
mRNA is read by the ribosome to make a protein (translation)
DNA -> mRNA -> Protein

6. SB2c. Using Mendel’s laws, explain the role of meiosis in reproductive variability.
Gene: sections of DNA that code for protein
Allele: different versions of a gene
Dominant: allele that is always expressed if it is present
Recessive: allele that is expressed only if two are present
Homozygous: two of the same allele
Heterozygous: two different alleles
Genotype: genetic makeup (alleles)
Phenotype: physical characteristics

7. SB2c. Using Mendel’s laws, explain the role of meiosis in reproductive variability.
Meiosis: process by which gametes are formed. Number of chromosomes cut in half (haploid)
Mendel’s Laws
Law of segregation: each gamete only has one of the parent’s two alleles because they separate during meiosis
Law of independent assortment: gene pairs separate independently of one another during meiosis

8. SB2c. Using Mendel’s laws, explain the role of meiosis in reproductive variability.

9. SB2d. Describe the relationships between changes in DNA and potential appearance of new traits
Alterations during replication
Insertions: base pair added (causes frameshift)
Deletions: base pair deleted (causes frameshift)
Substitutions: one amino acid substituted for another
Mutagenic factors
Radiation: X-Rays, UV Rays
Chemicals: Carcinogens
Nondisjunction: Extra chromosome
Ex. Extra copy of chromosome 21 in Down Syndrome

10. SB2e. Compare the advantages of sexual reproduction and asexual reproduction in different situations
Mitosis: cell divison that produces two identical cells (clones)
Binary Fission: Asexual reproduction of Bacteria
Asexual reproduction
Advantage: only one parent needed
Disadvantage: offspring are genetically identical
Sexual reproduction
Advantage: Offspring are genetically unique
Disadvantage: spend time and energy finding a mate

11. SB2f. Examine the use of DNA technology in forensics, medicine, and agriculture
DNA Fingerprinting: DNA is analyzed, used to identify suspects, relatives, or bodies
Genetic Engineering: DNA from one species is inserted into the genome of another species (recombinant DNA)
Ex. Human insulin gene in bacteria
Ex. Pest resistance genes in crops