1. From Patterns for College Writing

2. What is it? Compare means to tell how things are similar; contrast means to tell how things are different. Analogy: a special form of comparison that explains one thing by comparing it to a second thing that is more familiar than the first.

3. Example of Analogy: “If Americans want to understand their high schools at work, they should imagine them as shopping malls. Secondary education is another consumption experience in an abundant society. Shopping malls attract a broad range of customers with different tastes and purposes. Some shop at Sears, others at Woolworth’s or Bloomingdale’s. In high schools, a broad range of students are also available to shop.” -from Patterns for College Writing

4. Recognizing Compare and Contrast Assignments Your assignment (or prompt!) may not directly state that you should compare and contrast! Key words and phrases that indicate compare and contrast are similarities and differences, relative merits, and advantages and disadvantages. Sometimes there might not be a key phrase and you have to figure it out for yourself. i.e. Which of the two Adamses, John or Samuel, had a greater influence on the timing and course of the American Revolution.

5. Establishing a Basis for Comparison When you get to choose what you’re comparing and contrasting, or what elements of two things you are comparing and contrasting, be sure that the elements have enough in common or different to justify the comparison or contrast. Additionally, be sure that the differences/similarities aren’t so obvious that your essay seems pointless. AVOID THE TRIVIAL!

6. Selecting Points for Discussion Be sure that you treat the same (or similar) elements for each subject you discuss. example: Novel ANovel BMajor charactersMinor characters Themes

7. Keep It Relevant! Avoid discussing entirely different elements for each subject. Novel ANovel B Major charactersPlot Minor charactersAuthor’s life ThemesSymbolism This makes your essay irrelevant. i.e. “While Huck Finn is a story about a young boy and a slave, Eyes is a short novel.

8. Formulating a Thesis Statement The thesis should tell readers what to expect in your essay, identifying not only the subjects to be compare and contrasted, but also the point you will make about them. Your thesis should indicate whether you will concentrate on similarities or differences, but should address both. A thesis should highlight the central concern of the essay (comparing or contrasting) by placing it as the independent clause, and the lesser concern as the dependent clause. Example: Despite the fact that television and radio are distinctly different media, they use similar strategies to appeal to their audience. (This essay will focus mainly on similarities).

9. Structure: Subject by Subject Comparision Choose this structure when your purpose is to emphasize overall similarities or differences (more general, shorter). The subjects are the items being compared and contrasted, and the points are the individual elements of the subjects you will be comparing/contrasting.

10. More Subject by Subject In the subject by subject format, you address all of the points for the first subject at once, and all of the points for the second subject at once. Introduction: Despite the fact that television and radio are distinctly different media, they use similar strategies to appeal to their audiences. TV audiences (Subject 1 ) Radio Audiences(Subject 2)Men (point 1)Women (point 2)Children (point 3)

11. Point by Point Comparison Use point by point comparison for longer, more complex essays. You make a point about one subject and follow it with a comparable point about the other.

12. More Point by Point Example: Although Melville’s Moby-Dick and London’s The Sea Wolf are both about the sea, the minor characters, major characters, and themes of Moby-Dick establish its greater complexity Minor Characters (Point 1) Book 1: The Sea Wolf (subject) Book 2: Moby Dick (subject) Major Characters (Point 2) Book 1: The Sea Wolf (subject) Book 2: Moby Dick (subject) Themes (Point 3) Book 1: The Sea Wolf (subject) Book 2: Moby Dick (subject)

13. Transitions! Transitions are especially important in comparison and contrast essays because you must supply readers with clear signals that indicate whether you are discussing similarities or differences.

14. Useful Transitions for Comparison Just as…so Like Likewise In comparison Similarly In the same way

15. Useful transitions for contrast Although But Conversely Despite Even though However In contrast Instead Nevertheless Nonetheless On the contrary On the one hand…on the other hand Still

16. Quick Assignment! Create BOTH a point by point and subject by subject outline for the following prompt: Compare and contrast your middle school experience with your high school experience.