1. Chapter 3 The Biological Bases of Behavior

2. Neural and Hormonal Systems Module 7

3. The Neuron / A nerve cell / Neurons transmit electrical and chemical information throughout the body. / The basic building block of the nervous system. / A nerve cell / Neurons transmit electrical and chemical information throughout the body. / The basic building block of the nervous system.

4. Parts of a Neuron / Dendrite: part that receives information from the axons of other neurons and conduct impulses toward the cell body. / Soma: The cell body of a neuron, which contains the nucleus and other parts that keep the cell healthy. / Axon: Part that carries messages away from the cell to the dendrites of another neuron. / Dendrite: part that receives information from the axons of other neurons and conduct impulses toward the cell body. / Soma: The cell body of a neuron, which contains the nucleus and other parts that keep the cell healthy. / Axon: Part that carries messages away from the cell to the dendrites of another neuron.

6. The Neural Impulse / Axon Terminal: the endpoint of a neuron, where neurotransmitters are stored. / Action potential: a neural impulse; a brief electrical charge that travels down the axon of a neuron / Refractory Period: the “recharging phase” when a neuron, after firing, cannot generate another action potential / Resting Potential: the state of a neuron when it is at rest and capable of generating an action potential. / All-or-None Principle: The principle stating that if a neuron fires, it always fires at the same intensity. / Axon Terminal: the endpoint of a neuron, where neurotransmitters are stored. / Action potential: a neural impulse; a brief electrical charge that travels down the axon of a neuron / Refractory Period: the “recharging phase” when a neuron, after firing, cannot generate another action potential / Resting Potential: the state of a neuron when it is at rest and capable of generating an action potential. / All-or-None Principle: The principle stating that if a neuron fires, it always fires at the same intensity.

7. Communication Between Neurons / Synapse: the tiny, fluid-filled gap between the axon terminal of one neuron and the dendrite of another. / Neurotransmitter: Chemicals messenger that travels across the synapse from one neuron to the next and influences whether a neuron will generate and action potential. / Each chemical molecule has a different shape depending on its message. / Pain / Movement / Pleasure / Impulses go about 120 yards a second / We know of 60 differed transmitters / Synapse: the tiny, fluid-filled gap between the axon terminal of one neuron and the dendrite of another. / Neurotransmitter: Chemicals messenger that travels across the synapse from one neuron to the next and influences whether a neuron will generate and action potential. / Each chemical molecule has a different shape depending on its message. / Pain / Movement / Pleasure / Impulses go about 120 yards a second / We know of 60 differed transmitters

9. Types of Neurotransmitters / Acetycholine: neurotransmitter that regulates basic bodily processes such as movement. / Dopamine: neurotransmitter involved in the control of bodily movements / Endorphins: neurotransmitter that relieve pain and increase our sense of well-being. / Serotonin: a neurotransmitter that affects hunger, sleep, arousal, and mood. / Acetycholine: neurotransmitter that regulates basic bodily processes such as movement. / Dopamine: neurotransmitter involved in the control of bodily movements / Endorphins: neurotransmitter that relieve pain and increase our sense of well-being. / Serotonin: a neurotransmitter that affects hunger, sleep, arousal, and mood.

10. Neurotransmitters Effects / Excitatory effect: a neurotransmitter effect that makes it morel likely that the receiving neuron will generate an action potential (impulse). / Inhibitory effect: a neurotransmitter effect that makes it less likely that a receiving neuron will generate an action potential. / Excitatory effect: a neurotransmitter effect that makes it morel likely that the receiving neuron will generate an action potential (impulse). / Inhibitory effect: a neurotransmitter effect that makes it less likely that a receiving neuron will generate an action potential.

11. The Neural Chain / Receptor cells: specialized cells in the sensory systems of the body that can turn other kinds of energy into action potentials that the nervous system can process. / Sensory Nerves: nerves that carry information from the sense receptors to the central nervous system. / Interneurons: nerve cells in the brain and spinal cord responsible for processing information related to sensory input and motor output. / Motor nerves: nerves that carry information to the muscles and glands from the central nervous system. / Receptor cells: specialized cells in the sensory systems of the body that can turn other kinds of energy into action potentials that the nervous system can process. / Sensory Nerves: nerves that carry information from the sense receptors to the central nervous system. / Interneurons: nerve cells in the brain and spinal cord responsible for processing information related to sensory input and motor output. / Motor nerves: nerves that carry information to the muscles and glands from the central nervous system.

13. The Central and Peripheral Nervous System

15. The Central Nervous System / The brain and spinal cord. / Spinal Cord: part of the body that functions as an automatic “brain” in its own right and as a relay station for impulses to and from the higher brain. / Reflex: an automatic behavior of the body involving movement that is activated through the spinal cord with out use of the higher brain. / The spinal cord can work on its own the brain cannot. / The brain and spinal cord. / Spinal Cord: part of the body that functions as an automatic “brain” in its own right and as a relay station for impulses to and from the higher brain. / Reflex: an automatic behavior of the body involving movement that is activated through the spinal cord with out use of the higher brain. / The spinal cord can work on its own the brain cannot.

16. The Peripheral Nervous System All the nerves outside the brain and spinal cord

17. The Somatic Nervous System / A division of the peripheral nervous system containing sensory and motor nerves. / Sensory: relay information to the brain. / Motor: get instructions from the brain and spinal cord and put muscles to work. / Whenever we voluntarily move in some way the somatic system is involved. / A division of the peripheral nervous system containing sensory and motor nerves. / Sensory: relay information to the brain. / Motor: get instructions from the brain and spinal cord and put muscles to work. / Whenever we voluntarily move in some way the somatic system is involved.

18. Autonomic Nervous System / The automatic control system of the body. / Regulates breathing, heart rate, digestion, and so on. / Pupils / Salivary glands / Lungs / Heart rate / Stomach / Liver / Adrenal glands / The automatic control system of the body. / Regulates breathing, heart rate, digestion, and so on. / Pupils / Salivary glands / Lungs / Heart rate / Stomach / Liver / Adrenal glands

19. 1st part of Autonomic Nervous system / Sympathetic Nervous System: a division of the autonomic nervous system that energizes and prepares for emergencies. / Prepares you for fight of flight / accelerator / Sympathetic Nervous System: a division of the autonomic nervous system that energizes and prepares for emergencies. / Prepares you for fight of flight / accelerator

20. 2nd part of Autonomic Nervous System / Parasympathetic Nervous System: a division of the autonomic nervous system that conserves bodily activity / Works in opposition to the sympathetic system to calm us down. / Brake / Keep in balance / Parasympathetic Nervous System: a division of the autonomic nervous system that conserves bodily activity / Works in opposition to the sympathetic system to calm us down. / Brake / Keep in balance

22. The Endocrine System / Hormones: Chemical regulators that control bodily processes such as emotional responses, growth, and sexuality. / Glands: Units of the body that contain the hormones. / Endocrine System: system that includes all their glands and their chemical messages taken together. / Hormones: Chemical regulators that control bodily processes such as emotional responses, growth, and sexuality. / Glands: Units of the body that contain the hormones. / Endocrine System: system that includes all their glands and their chemical messages taken together.

24. The Pituitary Gland / The master gland. / Activates other glands / Determines how tall or short we will be. / Growth Hormone: the hormone that regulates the growth process. / Tallest; 8 ft 11.1 in died age 22 / Shortest: 23.2 in died age 19 / Requires normal environment / The master gland. / Activates other glands / Determines how tall or short we will be. / Growth Hormone: the hormone that regulates the growth process. / Tallest; 8 ft 11.1 in died age 22 / Shortest: 23.2 in died age 19 / Requires normal environment

25. Thyroid Gland / The gland that controls and regulates the speed of bodily processes. / Metabolism: the speed at which the body operates or the speed at which it uses up energy. /T/The gland that controls and regulates the speed of bodily processes. /M/Metabolism: the speed at which the body operates or the speed at which it uses up energy.

26. Thyroid Gland / Activity: / High Thyroid: Very active / Low thyroid: Sluggish / Very Low at birth: Mental retardation / Emotional State / Over active: restless, nervous, anxiety / Under active: Sad mood, depression / Not only causes of anxiety and depression / Activity: / High Thyroid: Very active / Low thyroid: Sluggish / Very Low at birth: Mental retardation / Emotional State / Over active: restless, nervous, anxiety / Under active: Sad mood, depression / Not only causes of anxiety and depression

27. The Adrenal Gland / Glands that cause excitement in order to prepare the body for an emergency or for some important activity. / Adrenaline: Chemical that prepares the body for emergency activity by increasing blood pressure, breathing rate, and energy level. / Helps blood clot faster / Body cannot tell the difference between a real emergency and one we just think about. / Glands that cause excitement in order to prepare the body for an emergency or for some important activity. / Adrenaline: Chemical that prepares the body for emergency activity by increasing blood pressure, breathing rate, and energy level. / Helps blood clot faster / Body cannot tell the difference between a real emergency and one we just think about.