1. TopicLesson Learning Objectives BeforeAfter 1. Energy transfer by heating 1.1 Infrared radiation Describe infrared radiation as electromagnetic waves State that there is radiation, similar to light but invisible; that it is emitted by all objects Explain that the hotter an object an object is, the more infrared radiation it emits in a given time 1.2 Surfaces and radiation Describe which surfaces are the best emitters of infrared radiation Describe which surfaces are the best absorbers and reflectors of infrared radiation Explain how the choice of a surface colour can affect the rate of temperature change of an object 1.3 States of matter Describe the physical characteristics of solids, liquids and gases Describe the arrangement and movement of particles in solids, liquids and gases 1.4 Conduction State that metals are good conductors of energy List some poor conductors or insulators Explain why metals are good conductors of energy in terms of electron behaviour 1.5 Convection Give examples of where convection currents occur Describe the process of convection in terms of particle movement in fluids, and explain why convection cannot occur in solids Give a detailed description of convection in terms of particle movement, exapansion and density changes 1.6 Evaporation and condensation State the factors that increase the rate of evaporation Describe the process of evaporation and the process of condensation in terms of particle behaviour Explain in detail how evaporation has a cooling effect on a liquid 1.7 Energy transfer by design Investigate factors that affect the rate of energy transfer Explain in detail how the design of a vacuum flask reduces the rate of energy transfer 1.8 Specific heat capacity State that more energy is required to raise the temperature of objects with a greater mass Explain that different materials of the same mass require different amounts of energy to raise their temperatures by the same amount Calculate the energy required to raise a known mass of material by a known temperature 1.9 Heating and insulating buildings List methods of saving energy in a house and give a brief evaluation of the techniques Find the payback time of various energy saving measures State the general relationship between U-values and insulation properties Explain energy transfers using U-values for materials 2. Using energy 2.1 Forms of energy State what form of energy is stored in fuels, hot objects and stretched objects Draw simple energy-transfer diagrams showing changes in energy Describe energy transfers involving gravitational, kinetic and energy by heating 2.2 Conservation of energy State that energy cannot be created or destroyed Describe energy transfers between gravitational, kinetic and elastic strain energy Describe energy transfers involving gravitational, kinetic and elastic strain energy, taking into account transfer by heating 2.3 Useful energy Identify useful and wasted energy in transfers Describe how friction is the cause of much wasted energy Understand that energy that escapes to the surroundings by heating is not available for other energy transfers and so is useless 2.4 Energy and efficiency Describe what is meant by the efficiency of a device Calculate the efficiency of a device Perform calculations including the rearrangement of the efficiency calculation 3. Electrical energy 3.1 Electrical appliances Describe the energy transfers in a range of electrical appliances Choose a particular appliance for a particular purpose based upon the energy transfers required 3.2 Electrical power State that the watt is the unit of power Calculate the power output of appliances Calculate the efficiency of an electrical appliance from power or energy data Perform calculations involving the rearrangement of the equation 3.3 Using electrical energy Calculate the amount of energy used by a mains appliance in kWh Calculate the cost of the electricity used Carry out rearrangement of the appropriate equations 3.4 Cost effectiveness matters Compare appliances or techniques to find which is most cost effective based on running costs and capital costs Take into account other cost factors such as environmental impact in their assessments

2. TopicLessonLearning ObjectivesBeforeAfter 4. Generating electricity 4.1 Fuel for electricity Draw a flow chart showing the stages of electricity generation in a power station Describe the similarities and differences between different power stations Evaluate in detail the advantages and disadvantages of nuclear power in comparison with fossil fuels 4.2 Energy from wind and water Describe how wind turbines generate electricity Describe the different ways in which the flow of water can generate electricity List some advantages and disadvantages of these methods of electricity generation Evaluate the advantages and disadvantages of these methods of electricity generation 4.3 Powers from the Sun and the Earth Describe how a solar cell can be used to produce electricity Describe the different ways in which geothermal energy can generate electricity List some advantages and disadvantages of these methods of electricity generation Evaluate the advantages and disadvantages of these methods of electricity generation 4.4 Energy and the environment Describe how burning fossil fuels affects the environment Describe the ways in which using renewable energy resources affect the environment Explain the issues relating to nuclear power and renewable energy sources 4.5 The National Grid Explain the advantages of providing electricity via a National Grid Describe the role of pylons, cables and transformers in the National Grid Explain why electricity is transferred at very high voltage 4.6 Big energy issues Describe the advantages and disadvantages of producing electricity by different techniques Evaluate the possible resources and come to a conclusion about which are viable options for generation of electricity in the future 5. Waves 5.1 The nature of waves Give examples of mechanical and electromagnetic waves Give examples of longitudinal waves and transverse waves and describe the differences between them Explain the motion of particles in longitudinal and transverse mechanical waves 5.2 Measuring waves Label a diagram of a wave to show the wavelength and amplitude Calculate the wave speed when given the frequency and speed Apply the wave speed equation in a range of situations including rearrangement of the equation 5.3 Wave properties: reflection Draw a diagram showing reflection by a plane mirror which shows the angle of incidence, the angle of reflection and the normal Explain that the image in a mirror is virtual; it cannot be projected onto a screen Draw a diagram to show the formation of the image of a point object in a plane mirror 5.4 Wave properties: refraction Draw diagrams showing how light is refracted when entering and leaving a transparent substance Explain why refraction takes place Draw a diagram showing the refraction of light by a prism and explain the process that causes this effect 5.5 Wave properties: diffraction Draw a diagram showing how waves diffract when they pass through gaps List and describe the factors that affect the amount of diffraction that takes place Give examples of diffraction of mechanical and electromagnetic waves 5.6 Sound State the range of hearing for a typical human Describe the properties of a sound wave, including its longitudinal nature Describe the behaviour of a sound wave, including reflection and refraction Explain why mechanical vibrations produce sound waves 5.7 Musical sounds Describe the properties of a sound wave in terms of frequency and amplitude Explain how sound is produced by different types of musical instruments and compare the sounds they produce, including pitch and loudness 6. Electromagnetic waves 6.1 The electromagnetic spectrum State the parts of the electromagnetic spectrum in order of wavelength State that all electromagnetic waves travel at the same speed through a vacuum Rearrange and use the wave speed equation 6.2 Light, infrared, microwaves and microwaves State the use of infrared, microwaves and radio waves in communication Explain how infrared, microwaves and radio waves are used in communication 6.3 Communications State that satellite TV signals are carried by microwaves Evaluate the risks of using mobile phones Draw a diagram to show how light or infrared waves travel along an optical fibre Explain why microwaves can be used for satellite communication but not terrestrial TV signals Explain how optical fibres can be used to carry waves, allowing them to be contained and travel around bends due to total internal reflection 6.4 The expanding Universe State that the universe contains a vast number of galaxies and stars Describe why the light from distance galaxies is shifted in wavelength Explain that red-shift evidence shows that the universe is expanding 6.5 The Big Bang State that the Big Bang generated the universe Describe the evidence for the expansion of the universe and how it supports the Big Bang theory State the evidence for this conclusion Describe limitations in the Big Bang theory