1. Detection of Spin-Polarized Electrons:
Spin-polarized Photoemission and Spin Polarized Inverse Photoemission
Photoemission
Mott Detectors:
Spin Polarized Inverse Photoemission
Other Techniques

2. Pass Energy = C(V0-VI)
Conventional Detector/Spin Integrated Photoemission
Only electrons with E = Epass+/- δE get thru the analyzer
δE increases with Epass
Outer Hemisphere (VO)
Inner Hemisphere VI
Note: Intensity Increases with Pass energy, resolution decreases!
e- E = Epass
Detector= Channeltron or Channelplate
Retards Electrons to Epass
Retarding/focussing lens
KE-Vretard = Epass (Vretard varied, Epass constant) hv
e- E = KE

3. M Analyzer Exciting photon does NOT directly couple with electron spin
Therefore, Spin is conserved during photoemission process
(e.g., J. Osterwalder: Spin-Polarized Photoemission, Lect. Notes Phys. 697, 95–120 (2006)
Need a detector that detects electron spin direction: The MOTT detector e- M

4. Detection of Spin-Polarized Electrons:
See T. J. Gay and F. B. Dunning, Rev. Sci. Inst. 63 (1992) 1635
See also N. F. Mott., Proc. Roy. Soc. A 135 (1932) 429
Consider Fig. 1 (Gay, Dunning). An unpolarized electron beam with equal numbers of spins P and AP to vector n̂1
Heavy atom nuclei

5. To a reasonable approximation, high energy electrons will interact with the bare nucleus charge Z.
The motion of the electrons in the presence of the field E due to the nuclear charge sets up a magnetic field (B) on the electrons
v = electron velocity
The nuclear field is (Gay, Dunning) given as (Ze/r3)r. (r = elec.-nucleus distance.)
Since rxv = L, the orbital angular momentum of the electron, we have

6. The interaction of B (L) with the electron spin S introduces an asymmetry in the direction of scattering to left or right in the plane of the figure:
For spin up (parallel to n̂1) the scattering becomes
σ↑(θ1) = I (θ1) (1+S(θ1))
and
σ↓(θ1) = I (θ1) (1-S(θ1))
The net polarization (P) of the beam striking the second target is:

7. Scattering through the second target (also a high z nucleus) will yield a similar asymmetry, given by:
For coplanar scattering,
NL α N↑(1+S(θ2)) + N↓(1-S(θ2)), etc. and:
Thus, if one knows (or independently measures) S for a given scattering angle, measuring the number of electrons scattered to the left and right will give you the polarization of the incoming beam

8. Conventional Detector/Spin Integrated Photoemission
To detect spins of incoming polarized electrons, we need a single heavy target
(gold does not oxidize) , and 2 (or 4 if fancy) channeltrons to measure beam polariztion.
Outer Hemisphere (VO)
Inner Hemisphere VI
e- E = Epass L R
Retards Electrons to Epass
Retarding/focussing lens
Detectors= Channeltron or Channelplate hv
e- E = KE

9. Schematic of Mott Detector with retarding grids in front of the Channeltrons. (Incoming electrons are accelerated after energy selection in hemispherical analyzer to provide good scattering assymmetries, see Gay and Dunning)
The efficiency (Є) of the detector is given by:
Unfortunately, the efficiency of typical Mott Detectors is~
10-3 – 10-4
Patience is a virtue during spin polarized photoemission!

10. Mott Detectors based on designs similar to this are sold commercially
See Gray, Dunning and ref. therein

11. Because of low count rates in Spin polarized measurements, it is possible to combine a conventional detector for spin integrated measurements with a Mott detetector and switch back and forth between them!
H. Berntsen, et al., REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 81,

12. (E. Vescovo, et al)

13. Oxygen exposure:
Polarization of surface near Fermi level disappears.(E. Vescovo, et al)

14. P=0 e- θ Au
Polarized beam
One can create a beam of polarized electrons for inverse photoemission experiments by colliding an unpolarized beam of a heavy (W, Au, etc) target.

15. Dowben Group Facility for spin-polarized inverse photoemission
Dowben group uses photoelectrons from GaAs

16. Photoemission using circularly polarized light at hv = Eg gives heavily polarized light (direct band gap) because of dipole selection rules (it’s a bit complicated, see D. T. Pierce, F. Meier, PRB 13 (1976)
However, polarized photoelectrons (P > 50%) can be made in this way.

17. Photoemission from GaAs is enhanced with a thin coating of Cs to yield a negative electron affinity (CBM below vacuum level)

18. Other techniques:
Magnetic circular dichroism (change in polariztion of reflected light)
Spin polarized (SEM)—looking at magnetic domains
Spin polarized LEED—hard to measure net polarization, but can detect surface magnetic lattices
Spin polarized neutron detection magnetic unit cells of bulk lattices

19. From

20. Spin polarized SEM useful for measuring magnetic domains.
Browning, et al.
J. Elect. Spect. & Related Phen. 51(1990) 315

21.   from unit.aist.go.jp
Correlated electron research center
Figure 1-3. Magnetic domain image of the Fe(001), where magnetization direction is shown by the gray level.  The relationship between the magnetization direction and the gray level is given by the graded band above the domain image; central gray shows a right direction, lighter gray shows a counterclockwise direction, and darker gray shows a clockwise direction.