2. STANDARD Explain that a large portion of Earth’s surface is water, consisting of oceans, rivers, lakes, groundwater, and ice.

3. Lesson 10 A Wet Planet EQ: How is Earth’s water distributed among saltwater and freshwater sources?

4. How is Earth’s water distributed among saltwater and freshwater? Some people call Earth the “blue planet” because over 70% of Earth’s surface is covered with water. Some people call Earth the “blue planet” because over 70% of Earth’s surface is covered with water. Most of Earth’s freshwater is found in the polar ice caps near the North and South Poles. Most of Earth’s freshwater is found in the polar ice caps near the North and South Poles. From largest to smallest, the amounts of water on Earth are salt water (97%), solid fresh water (2%), liquid fresh water (1%). From largest to smallest, the amounts of water on Earth are salt water (97%), solid fresh water (2%), liquid fresh water (1%).

5. Salt Water Most of the water on Earth is found in Earth’s oceans Most of the water on Earth is found in Earth’s oceans Oceans contain salt water. Oceans contain salt water. The salinity, or salt concentration, averages about 3.5%, or 35 grams of salt per 1 kg of water. The salinity, or salt concentration, averages about 3.5%, or 35 grams of salt per 1 kg of water. In order of size from largest to smallest, Earth’s oceans are the Pacific, Atlantic, and Indian Oceans. In order of size from largest to smallest, Earth’s oceans are the Pacific, Atlantic, and Indian Oceans.

6. Fresh Water Most of the Earth’s freshwater is located in the polar caps (ice). Most of the Earth’s freshwater is located in the polar caps (ice). A glacier is a very slow moving river of ice. Underground water, lakes, rivers, and glaciers hold the rest of Earth’s surface freshwater. Underground water, lakes, rivers, and glaciers hold the rest of Earth’s surface freshwater. The largest portion of the Earth’s useable freshwater is trapped between underground layers of rock. This trapped freshwater is called groundwater. The largest portion of the Earth’s useable freshwater is trapped between underground layers of rock. This trapped freshwater is called groundwater.

7. Quick Check About how much of Earth’s surface is covered by water? A. 0% B. 30% C. 70% D. 100%

8. Quick Check From the largest to smallest, the amounts of water on Earth are A. liquid fresh water, solid fresh water, salt water. B. salt water, solid fresh water, liquid fresh water. C. salt water, liquid fresh water, groundwater. D. groundwater, salt water, solid fresh water.

9. Quick Check A glacier is A. a river of liquid water. B. an ice cap. C. a solid lake. D. a slow river of ice.

10. Response Question How is Earth’s water distributed among saltwater and freshwater?

11. Response Question About how much of Earth’s surface is covered by water?

12. Response Question How much of all water is freshwater? How much of all water is freshwater?

13. Response Question How much of all water is saltwater? How much of all water is saltwater?

14. Response Question How much of all water is available for human use? How much of all water is available for human use?

15. Response Question From the largest to smallest, what are the amounts of water on Earth? From the largest to smallest, what are the amounts of water on Earth?

16. Response Question What is a glacier? What is a glacier?

17. Response Question

18. Lesson 25 Sun, Wind, and Water EQ: How does a drop of water move through the water cycle?

19. Wind Earth receives heat energy from the sun through Radiation. Earth receives heat energy from the sun through Radiation. Radiation is the movement of energy through empty space. Radiation is the movement of energy through empty space. Air at different places on Earth heats up unevenly. The uneven heating up of Earth’s air is what produces wind. Air at different places on Earth heats up unevenly. The uneven heating up of Earth’s air is what produces wind. Cool air moves toward warmer air. Warm air moves away from cooler air. Moving air is wind. Cool air moves toward warmer air. Warm air moves away from cooler air. Moving air is wind.

20. Water Very little water is ever lost on Earth Very little water is ever lost on Earth The sun is the source of energy that drives the water cycle. The sun is the source of energy that drives the water cycle. Energy from the sun causes the water particles to move faster and escape into the air as water vapor. (evaporation) Energy from the sun causes the water particles to move faster and escape into the air as water vapor. (evaporation)

21. Water Water vapor rises into the air and cools down. The water molecules move slower and come closer together, or condense. This is called condensation. Water vapor rises into the air and cools down. The water molecules move slower and come closer together, or condense. This is called condensation. Condensation forms clouds and precipitation such as rain, sleet, hail, and snow. Condensation forms clouds and precipitation such as rain, sleet, hail, and snow. The precipitation falls to the ground and gathers there in puddles, ponds, rivers, lakes, and oceans. (Accumulation) The precipitation falls to the ground and gathers there in puddles, ponds, rivers, lakes, and oceans. (Accumulation) Some water seeps into the ground and collects there. This underground water is called groundwater. (runoff) Some water seeps into the ground and collects there. This underground water is called groundwater. (runoff)

22. Water Some groundwater finds its way into oceans. Some groundwater finds its way into oceans. Water on the surface is warmed again by the sun and will evaporate. So will water in the soil. Water on the surface is warmed again by the sun and will evaporate. So will water in the soil. Water vapor also enters the air from plants. This is called transpiration. Water vapor also enters the air from plants. This is called transpiration. This keeps the water cycle going. This keeps the water cycle going.

23. Quick Check What is the source of energy that produces winds and causes evaporation? A. lightning B. Earth’s rotation C. the moon D. the sun

24. Quick Check Heating liquid water produces A. snow. B. rain. C. water vapor. D. groundwater.

25. Quick Check The sun’s energy reaches Earth through A. evaporation. B. condensation. C. radiation. D. wind.

26. Quick Check What process produces rain? A. condensation B. evaporation C. warming D. solidification

27. Quick Check Water vapor is a A. liquid B. solid C. gas D. form of energy

28. Quick Check The cooling of water vapor leads FIRST to A. cloud formation. B. evaporation. C. formation of groundwater. D. precipitation.

29. Quick Check What process produces a cloud? A. Evaporation B. Condensation C. Radiation D. warming

30. Lesson 11 The World’s Oceans EQ: How does the composition and topography of earth’s oceans vary by location? EQ: How does the composition and topography of earth’s oceans vary by location?

31. Location of the World’s Oceans The Pacific Ocean is the largest ocean. It is bordered by North America, South America, Asia, Australia, and Antarctica The Pacific Ocean is the largest ocean. It is bordered by North America, South America, Asia, Australia, and Antarctica The Atlantic is the second largest ocean. It is bordered by N. America, S. America, Africa, Europe, and Antarctica. The Atlantic is the second largest ocean. It is bordered by N. America, S. America, Africa, Europe, and Antarctica. The third largest ocean is the Indian Ocean. It lies between the countries of India, Pakistan, Australia, and the continents of Africa and Antarctica. The third largest ocean is the Indian Ocean. It lies between the countries of India, Pakistan, Australia, and the continents of Africa and Antarctica.

32. Composition of the World’s Oceans The main substance dissolved in ocean water is sodium chloride (NaCl) or table salt. The main substance dissolved in ocean water is sodium chloride (NaCl) or table salt. Other dissolved solid substances are sulfate, magnesium, calcium, and potassium. Other dissolved solid substances are sulfate, magnesium, calcium, and potassium. Solid substances dissolved in sea water come from rivers, streams, rocks from the shore, volcanoes and underwater hot springs. Solid substances dissolved in sea water come from rivers, streams, rocks from the shore, volcanoes and underwater hot springs. The concentration of all the dissolved substances in sea water is about 3.5%. The concentration of all the dissolved substances in sea water is about 3.5%.

33. Composition of the World’s Oceans The oceans also hold dissolved gases, such as oxygen and carbon dioxide. The oceans also hold dissolved gases, such as oxygen and carbon dioxide. Marine life such as fish need dissolved oxygen in sea water to live. Marine life such as fish need dissolved oxygen in sea water to live. Sea plants such as seaweeds need carbon dioxide to survive. They get it from the dissolved carbon dioxide in sea water. Sea plants such as seaweeds need carbon dioxide to survive. They get it from the dissolved carbon dioxide in sea water.

34. Topography of the World’s Ocean Floor Oceanographers have mapped the ocean floors by using special equipment. Oceanographers have mapped the ocean floors by using special equipment. Echo sounding, (pings), measure the time it takes a pulse of sound to go from the ship to the ocean floor and echo back to the ship. Echo sounding, (pings), measure the time it takes a pulse of sound to go from the ship to the ocean floor and echo back to the ship. The speed of sound in sea water averages about 1520 m per second. The speed of sound in sea water averages about 1520 m per second.

35. Quick Check Which continents border the Atlantic Ocean? A. North America, South America, Asia, Australia B. Asia, Australia, Africa C. North America, South America, Europe, Africa D. South America, Europe, Asia, Australia

36. Quick Check Which substance do fish need to live and take in from water that you take in from air? A. salt B. oxygen C. carbon dioxide D. water

37. Quick Check Pings from an echo sounder aboard a ship make a round trip in 8 seconds. How far beneath the ship is the ocean floor? A. 2,920 meters B. 6,080 meters C. 11,680 meters D. 23,360 meters

38. Quick Check Which shows the order of Earth’s three major oceans from largest to smallest? A. Pacific, Atlantic, Indian B. Atlantic, Pacific, Indian C. Indian, Atlantic, Pacific D. Atlantic, Indian, Pacific

39. Quick Check If you were to walk along the ocean bottom from a beach, which of the following features would you reach after the continental shelf? A. the abyssal plain B. a seamount C. the mid-ocean ridge D. the continental slope

40. Quick Check About how deep is the deepest pat of the world’s oceans? A. 4000 meters B. 8000 meters C. 11,000 meters D. 14,000 meters

41. Water in Earth’s Processes

42. The Water Cycle Section 11-1 How is Earth’s water distributed among saltwater and freshwater resources? How is Earth’s water distributed among saltwater and freshwater resources? How does Earth’s water move through the water cycle? How does Earth’s water move through the water cycle? Explain the steps of the water cycle. Explain the steps of the water cycle. How do people and other living things use water? How do people and other living things use water?

43. Based on the Pie Chart, what does the blue or green represent on the graph?

44. What Does This Mean? Earth’s Water Earth’s Water Total Water on Earth 2% is frozen in glaciers and ice caps 2% is frozen in glaciers and ice caps ONLY 1% IS AVAILABLE FOR HUMAN CONSUMPTION. ONLY 1% IS AVAILABLE FOR HUMAN CONSUMPTION. Saltwater97% Freshwater3%

45. Water on Earth Most of Earth’s water is saltwater (97%) Most of Earth’s water is saltwater (97%) Most saltwater is found in the oceans Most saltwater is found in the oceans Only about 3% of water is freshwater Only about 3% of water is freshwater All living things must share about 1% of the total amount of water on Earth All living things must share about 1% of the total amount of water on Earth

46. Water on the Earth Almost all the water on Earth is salt water (97%). Almost all the water on Earth is salt water (97%). Of the three percent that is fresh water, 76% is frozen in the ice caps at the poles. Of the three percent that is fresh water, 76% is frozen in the ice caps at the poles.

47. Distribution of Water on Earth Saltwater oceans and (salt) lakes (97%) Saltwater oceans and (salt) lakes (97%) Freshwater (3%) Freshwater (3%) –Of the total Freshwater on Earth:76% of freshwater is ice –12% of freshwater is Shallow Groundwater –11% of freshwater is Deep Groundwater –0.34% of freshwater is found in Lakes and Rivers –0.037% of freshwater is Water Vapor All living things share less than 1% of total water on Earth! All living things share less than 1% of total water on Earth!

49. The Water Cycle 1 Water is naturally recycled through a process known as the water cycle Water is naturally recycled through a process known as the water cycle Water moves from bodies of water, land, and living things from Earth’s surface, up to the atmosphere and then back to Earth’s surface. Water moves from bodies of water, land, and living things from Earth’s surface, up to the atmosphere and then back to Earth’s surface. Steps for the water cycle are: evaporation, condensation, and precipitation Steps for the water cycle are: evaporation, condensation, and precipitation

50. The Water Cycle Thirstin's Water Cycle Animation Thirstin's Water Cycle Animation Thirstin's Water Cycle Animation Thirstin's Water Cycle Animation

51. The Water Cycle Continuous process by which water moves through the living and nonliving parts of the environment. The source of energy that drives the water cycle is the SUN!

52. Evaporation Evaporation – the process by which liquid water on the surface change to a gas Evaporation – the process by which liquid water on the surface change to a gas Most evaporated water comes from oceans, and most precipitation falls back into the oceans. Most evaporated water comes from oceans, and most precipitation falls back into the oceans. The salt does not get enough energy to become a gas, so it stays behind. The salt does not get enough energy to become a gas, so it stays behind.

53. Cloud Formation Clouds formation – water vapor loses energy, cools down, condenses into liquid water droplets, droplets clump together around tiny dust particles, forming clouds Clouds formation – water vapor loses energy, cools down, condenses into liquid water droplets, droplets clump together around tiny dust particles, forming clouds

55. The Water Cycle 3 –Water vapor also enters the air from plants. This is called transpiration. Condensation – process by which gas molecules change into a liquid. This process forms clouds Condensation – process by which gas molecules change into a liquid. This process forms clouds Precipitation – process in which clouds become too heavy to hold the water droplets, and the droplets fall to the Earth’s surface as rain, sleet, snow or hail Precipitation – process in which clouds become too heavy to hold the water droplets, and the droplets fall to the Earth’s surface as rain, sleet, snow or hail

57. How Do People Use Water?

58. Humans use water for household purposes, agriculture, industry, transportation, and recreation. Humans use water for household purposes, agriculture, industry, transportation, and recreation. Agriculture/Irrigation is the process of supplying water to areas for growing crops Agriculture/Irrigation is the process of supplying water to areas for growing crops Industry – to make products, cool off machines Industry – to make products, cool off machines Transportation – travel upon the oceans, lakes and rivers Transportation – travel upon the oceans, lakes and rivers Recreation – exercise and sports Recreation – exercise and sports

59. Water and Living Things Water is important for living things to grow, reproduce and carry on other essential processes. Water is important for living things to grow, reproduce and carry on other essential processes. Photosynthesis – plants use water, carbon dioxide and sunlight to make their own food Photosynthesis – plants use water, carbon dioxide and sunlight to make their own food Habitat – place an organism lives and provides the things it needs to survive Habitat – place an organism lives and provides the things it needs to survive

60. Water Cycle Vocabulary Evaporation: the process of energy changing liquid water into water vapor (a gas) and rising in the air Evaporation: the process of energy changing liquid water into water vapor (a gas) and rising in the air Condensation: the cooling of water vapor, which changes it back into a liquid Condensation: the cooling of water vapor, which changes it back into a liquid Precipitation: the release of condensed water that the air cannot hold any longer. Precipitation occurs in the form of rain, hail, sleet, or snow Precipitation: the release of condensed water that the air cannot hold any longer. Precipitation occurs in the form of rain, hail, sleet, or snow

61. Transpiration: : the process by which plants lose water out of their leaves and into the air Transpiration: : the process by which plants lose water out of their leaves and into the air Collection- When water collects together to form a body of water. Lakes, puddles, oceans, etc. Collection- When water collects together to form a body of water. Lakes, puddles, oceans, etc.

62. Water Cycle Vocabulary Clouds: condensed water made Clouds: condensed water made up of water droplets and tiny dust particles tiny dust particles Groundwater: water that collect above the bedrock layer and moves like an underground river Groundwater: water that collect above the bedrock layer and moves like an underground river

63. Percolation/infiltration: the downward movement of absorbed precipitation by the soil, which eventually collects as groundwater Percolation/infiltration: the downward movement of absorbed precipitation by the soil, which eventually collects as groundwater Runoff: water that flows over the surface of land Runoff: water that flows over the surface of land

64. Answers to The Water Cycle 1. A = precipitation B = condensation C = evaporation 2. The sun 3. Transpiration is the process in which the leaves of plants give off water 4. Water vapor cools, cold air causes water to condense, water droplets clump together around tiny dust particles, causing clouds to form 5. The oceans are where most precipitation falls and where most evaporation takes place 6. Groundwater 7. irrigation

65. Quick Check More than 97% of Earth’s total water supply is found in A. ice sheets. B. groundwater. C. the atmosphere. D. the oceans.

66. Quick Check The energy the drives the water cycle comes from A. the sun. B. the Earth. C. the rain. D. oceans.

67. Quick Check Rain that falls on a steep, paved street during a thunderstorm would most likely be called: A. groundwater. A. groundwater. B. runoff. C. a spring. D. a reservoir.

68. Quick Check More than two-thirds of Earth’s freshwater is found in A. rivers and streams. B. ponds and lakes. C. glaciers and icebergs. D. wetlands.

69. Quick Check How does the water cycle renew Earth’s supply of fresh water? A. evaporation. B. condensation C. the sun D. precipitation

70. Quick Check Clouds are an example of which stage of the water cycle? A. Condensation B. evaporation C. percolation D. precipitation

71. Ocean Water Chemistry How salty is ocean water? (5) How salty is ocean water? (5) How do the conditions in the ocean change with depth? (5) How do the conditions in the ocean change with depth? (5) How did the ocean form, and how is it currently divided? (4) How did the ocean form, and how is it currently divided? (4) Describe one factor that increases the salinity of seawater and one factor that decreases salinity. (4) Describe one factor that increases the salinity of seawater and one factor that decreases salinity. (4)

72. The Salty Ocean (1) Salinity- the measure of the amount of dissolved salts in a given amount of water Salinity- the measure of the amount of dissolved salts in a given amount of water The average amount of salt in ocean water is about 3.5% or 35 grams of salt per one kilogram (1000 g) of water Ocean water carries many different dissolved salts Sodium Chloride (table salt) is the most abundant salt in the ocean

73. The Salty Ocean (2) The main substance dissolved in ocean water is sodium chloride (NaCl) or table salt. The main substance dissolved in ocean water is sodium chloride (NaCl) or table salt. Other dissolved solid substances are sulfate, magnesium, calcium, and potassium. Other dissolved solid substances are sulfate, magnesium, calcium, and potassium. Solid substances dissolved in sea water come from rivers, streams, rocks from the shore, volcanoes and underwater hot springs. Solid substances dissolved in sea water come from rivers, streams, rocks from the shore, volcanoes and underwater hot springs. The concentration of all the dissolved substances in sea water is about 3.5%. The concentration of all the dissolved substances in sea water is about 3.5%.

75. Gases Found in the Oceans The oceans also hold dissolved gases, such as oxygen and carbon dioxide. The oceans also hold dissolved gases, such as oxygen and carbon dioxide. Marine life such as fish need dissolved oxygen in sea water to live. Marine life such as fish need dissolved oxygen in sea water to live. Most oxygen in oceans come from the atmosphere because it is closer to the surface of the water. Sea plants such as seaweeds need carbon dioxide to survive. They get it from the dissolved carbon dioxide in sea water. Sea plants such as seaweeds need carbon dioxide to survive. They get it from the dissolved carbon dioxide in sea water.

76. The Salty Ocean Temperature decreases in the ocean with depth Temperature decreases in the ocean with depth Pressure increases with depth in the ocean Pressure increases with depth in the ocean Scuba divers are prevented from descending farther than 40 m because of pressure Scuba divers are prevented from descending farther than 40 m because of pressure Further depth will cause the lungs to collapse! Further depth will cause the lungs to collapse!

77. How Did the Oceans Form? About 4 billion years ago, the Earth cooled enough for water vapor to condense. About 4 billion years ago, the Earth cooled enough for water vapor to condense. The water began to fall as rain. The water began to fall as rain. The rain filled the deeper levels of Earth’s surface and the first oceans began to form. The rain filled the deeper levels of Earth’s surface and the first oceans began to form.

78. Divisions of the Global Oceans Pacific- the largest ocean; getting smaller Pacific- the largest ocean; getting smaller Atlantic- the second largest; getting larger Atlantic- the second largest; getting larger Indian- third largest; Indian- third largest; Southern- located along the border of Antarctica Southern- located along the border of Antarctica Arctic- smallest ocean; most oceanographers consider it as an extension of the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans Arctic- smallest ocean; most oceanographers consider it as an extension of the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans

79. Location of the World’s Oceans The Pacific Ocean is the largest ocean. It is bordered by North America, South America, Asia, Australia, and Antarctica The Pacific Ocean is the largest ocean. It is bordered by North America, South America, Asia, Australia, and Antarctica The Atlantic is the second largest ocean. It is bordered by N. America, S. America, Africa, Europe, and Antarctica. The Atlantic is the second largest ocean. It is bordered by N. America, S. America, Africa, Europe, and Antarctica. The third largest ocean is the Indian Ocean. It lies between the countries of India, Pakistan, Australia, and the continents of Africa and Antarctica. The third largest ocean is the Indian Ocean. It lies between the countries of India, Pakistan, Australia, and the continents of Africa and Antarctica.

80. Arctic Ocean North Atlantic Ocean South Atlantic Ocean Pacific Ocean Indian Ocean Southern Ocean

81. Increasing and Decreasing Salinity Salinity- the measure of the amount of dissolved salts in a given amount of water. Salinity- the measure of the amount of dissolved salts in a given amount of water. Factors increasing salinity include : evaporation freezing factors decreasing salinity include precipitation rivers dumping water into oceans

82. Characteristics of Ocean Water Ocean water is salty Ocean water is salty Chock-full of solids Chock-full of solids Climate affects salinity Climate affects salinity Water movement affects salinity Water movement affects salinity Temperate zones Temperate zones Surface temperature Changes Surface temperature Changes

83. Ocean Water is Salty Most of the salt found in oceans is sodium chloride (table salt). Most of the salt found in oceans is sodium chloride (table salt). Salts have been added to the oceans for billions of years by running waters (rivers, streams) which dissolve various minerals, and then dump the water into the oceans. Salts have been added to the oceans for billions of years by running waters (rivers, streams) which dissolve various minerals, and then dump the water into the oceans. Also, solid materials come from volcanic eruptions, hot springs, ocean waves crashing against rocks Also, solid materials come from volcanic eruptions, hot springs, ocean waves crashing against rocks

84. Chock-Full of Solids Salinity- the measure of the amount of dissolved salts in a given amount of water. Salinity- the measure of the amount of dissolved salts in a given amount of water. Measured in grams (g). Measured in grams (g). 1 kg (1000 g) of ocean water carries an average of 35 g of salt (3.5%). 1 kg (1000 g) of ocean water carries an average of 35 g of salt (3.5%). During the water cycle, fresh water from the ocean is evaporated leaving only the salts behind. During the water cycle, fresh water from the ocean is evaporated leaving only the salts behind.

85. Climate Affects Salinity Some parts of the ocean are saltier than other parts of the ocean. Some parts of the ocean are saltier than other parts of the ocean. Coastal waters in places with hotter, drier climates have a higher salinity. Coastal waters in places with hotter, drier climates have a higher salinity. Coastal waters in places with cooler, more humid climates have a lower salinity. Coastal waters in places with cooler, more humid climates have a lower salinity. Main reason: evaporation Main reason: evaporation Coastal waters in general have less salinity because more fresh water from rivers run into the oceans in these areas. Coastal waters in general have less salinity because more fresh water from rivers run into the oceans in these areas.

86. Water Movement Affects Salinity Some parts of the ocean (bays, seas, gulfs) move less than other parts. Some parts of the ocean (bays, seas, gulfs) move less than other parts. Also, some parts of the open ocean that do not have currents run through them can be slow moving. Also, some parts of the open ocean that do not have currents run through them can be slow moving. Slower-moving areas of water develop high salinity. Slower-moving areas of water develop high salinity.

87. Temperate Zones Temperature of ocean water decreases with depth. Temperature of ocean water decreases with depth. Water in the ocean is divided into three layers by temperate. Water in the ocean is divided into three layers by temperate. Top layer (surface zone) Top layer (surface zone) Middle layer (thermocline zone) Middle layer (thermocline zone) Bottom layer (deep zone) Bottom layer (deep zone)

88. Temperature Changes Temperature in the surface zones vary with latitude and the time of the year. Temperature in the surface zones vary with latitude and the time of the year. Parts of the ocean along the equator are warm because it receives more direct sunlight per year than areas closer to the poles. Parts of the ocean along the equator are warm because it receives more direct sunlight per year than areas closer to the poles.

89. Answers to Ocean Water Chemistry 1. Surface to about 200 m 2. 17.5 °C 3. Transition zone 4. Bottom of surface zone to 1 km 5. Deep zone 6. 3.5°C 7. 35g of salt per 1 kg of water 8. Precipitation, rivers, evaporation, freezing 9. Ocean water because it contains salt 10. Sodium chloride 11. Because this is where oceans meet the atmosphere and where algae live 12. The pressure of the water 13. Submersible 14. Salinity 15. Water column

90. Quick Check Ocean water is more dense than freshwater at the same temperature because of A. pressure. B. salinity. C. the Coriolis effect. D. upwelling.

91. Quick Check The most common substances dissolved in ocean water are A. sodium and chloride. B. potassium and chloride. C. potassium and sodium. D. calcium and chloride.

92. Quick Check The concentration of all dissolved substances in seawater is 3.5%. How many grams of dissolved substances are in 200 grams of saltwater? A. 3.5 B. 7.0 C. 57 D. 200

93. Quick Check Which shows the correct order of Earth’s three major oceans from largest to smallest? A. Pacific, Atlantic. Indian B. Atlantic, Pacific, Indian C. Indian, Atlantic, Pacific D. Atlantic, Indian, Pacific

94. Quick Check Which continents border the Atlantic Ocean? A. North America, Asia, Australia B. Asia, Australia, Africa C. North America, South America, Europe, Africa D. South America, Europe, Asia, Africa

95. Quick Check Salinity is the average amount of ________ Dissolved in water. A. sugar B. oxygen C. carbon dioxide D. salt

96. Quick Check What is the salinity of saltwater? As you descend deeper into the ocean temperature _____________ and pressure __________. The two sources of oxygen in ocean water are __________ and __________.

97. Exploring the Ocean EQ: What are some features of the ocean floor?

98. Exploring the Ocean What factors make ocean floor research difficult ? (2) What factors make ocean floor research difficult ? (2) What is SONAR? (5) What is SONAR? (5) What are some features of the ocean floor ? (7) What are some features of the ocean floor ? (7)

99. What factors make ocean floor research difficult? Scientists had to develop new technology to study the deep ocean floor because of three factors: Scientists had to develop new technology to study the deep ocean floor because of three factors: 1. cold temperature 2. increased pressure 3. darkness As you descend deeper into the ocean, these (3) factors increase

100. SONAR Oceanographers have mapped the ocean floors by using special equipment. Oceanographers have mapped the ocean floors by using special equipment. SONAR stands for sound navigation and ranging. It is a system that uses sound waves to calculate the distance to an object. SONAR stands for sound navigation and ranging. It is a system that uses sound waves to calculate the distance to an object. Oceanographers study the oceans by: Oceanographers study the oceans by: -sonar-satellite Echo sounding, (pings), measure the time it takes a pulse of sound to go from the ship to the ocean floor and echo back to the ship. Echo sounding, (pings), measure the time it takes a pulse of sound to go from the ship to the ocean floor and echo back to the ship. The speed of sound in sea water averages about 1520 m per second. The speed of sound in sea water averages about 1520 m per second.

101. What are some of the features of the ocean floor? The seven features of the ocean floor are: The seven features of the ocean floor are: –Continental shelf: a gentle sloping, shallow area of the ocean floor that extends outward from the edge of the continent. –Continental slope: marks the true edge of a continent, a steady slope where rock that makes up the continent stops and the rock that makes up the ocean floor begin. –Seamounts: mountains completely under water; extinct volcanoes

102. What are some of the features of the ocean floor? –Abyssal plain: smooth, flat region of the ocean floor –Mid-ocean ridge: a continuous range of mountains that wind around Earth’s ocean floor. –Volcanic Island: very tall mountains created by the cooling and hardening of erupting volcanoes on the ocean floor. –Deep-sea Trench: canyons on the ocean floor that are the deepest spots on Earth. –Guyot: a flat-top seamount flattened by the action of waves

103. Subsurface Topography

104. Answers to Exploring the Ocean 1. Darkness, cold, and extreme pressure 2. Sound navigation and ranging, is a system that uses sound waves to calculate the distance to an object 3. Mid-ocean ridge – a continuous range of mountains that winds around Earth 4. Trench – a steep sided canyon in the deep ocean floor 5. Continental slope – an incline at the edge of a continental shelf 6. Abyssal plain – the smooth, nearly flat region of the ocean floor 7. Seamount – a mountain that is completely under water 8. Continental shelf – a gently sloping, shallow area of the ocean floor that extends outward from the edge of a continent 9. Volcanic island – the peak of a volcano that beaks the ocean surface

105. Quick Check A smooth, nearly flat region of the ocean floor is call a(n) A. trench. B. mid-ocean ridge. C. abyssal plain. D. sea mount.

106. Quick Check Which ocean floor feature makes up the deepest parts of the ocean? A. abyssal plain B. mid-ocean ridge. C. deep-sea trench. D. sea mount

107. Quick Check What three (3) factors make ocean floor research difficult? 1. _______ 2. ______ 3. ______

108. Quick Check What are some features of the ocean floor? 1. __________ 2. __________ 3. __________ 4. __________ 5. __________ 6. __________

109. Lesson 12 Waves, Currents, and Tides EQ: What causes the ocean to move?

110. Waves A wave is a disturbance that transfers energy through matter or space. A wave is a disturbance that transfers energy through matter or space. Wind transfers energy into the sea causing waves to occur. Wind transfers energy into the sea causing waves to occur. Undersea earthquakes and landslides can also put energy into the water to produce ocean waves. Undersea earthquakes and landslides can also put energy into the water to produce ocean waves.

111. Waves The size of a wave depends on the amount of energy that is transferred to the water. The size of a wave depends on the amount of energy that is transferred to the water. The amount of energy transferred depends on three things: The amount of energy transferred depends on three things: –Wind speed –Length of time it blows –Distance over which it blows As each of these factors increase, so does the size of the wave. As each of these factors increase, so does the size of the wave.

112. Ocean Currents Winds are responsible for ocean currents. Winds are responsible for ocean currents. A surface current is an ocean current that moves along the top part of an ocean. A surface current is an ocean current that moves along the top part of an ocean. Surface currents are moved by prevailing winds. Surface currents are moved by prevailing winds. Prevailing winds are winds that blow in regular directions almost all the time. Prevailing winds are winds that blow in regular directions almost all the time.

113. Ocean Currents Surface currents can be cold or warm. Surface currents can be cold or warm. Those that flow from the poles toward the equator are cold. Those that flow from the poles toward the equator are cold. Those that flow from the equator towards the poles are warm. Those that flow from the equator towards the poles are warm. The Gulf Stream is a warm current that flows northward up the east coast of the United States toward Great Britain and western Europe. The Gulf Stream is a warm current that flows northward up the east coast of the United States toward Great Britain and western Europe.

114. Tides A tide is the rise and fall of the ocean’s surface caused mostly by the gravitational pull of the moon. A tide is the rise and fall of the ocean’s surface caused mostly by the gravitational pull of the moon. At high tide, the ocean water has risen as high as it will go on a shore. At high tide, the ocean water has risen as high as it will go on a shore. At low tide, the ocean water has fallen as low as it can go on a shore. At low tide, the ocean water has fallen as low as it can go on a shore.

115. Tides Earth’s rotation on its axis affects which tides will occur at a certain place on Earth. Earth’s rotation on its axis affects which tides will occur at a certain place on Earth. High tides occur about every 12 hrs. High tides occur about every 12 hrs. Low tides occur about every 12 hours. Low tides occur about every 12 hours. The time between low tide and high tide is about 6 hrs. The time between low tide and high tide is about 6 hrs.

116. Quick Check What causes tides but NOT waves and currents? A. winds and the moon’s gravity B. mostly the moon’s gravity C. mostly the sun’s gravity D. only winds

117. Quick Check What is the main cause of the Gulf Stream? A. storms B. winds that blow now and then C. winds that blow in regular directions D. the moon’s gravity

118. Quick Check If the first high tide of the day occurs at 1:00 a.m., the next high tide will come closest to A. 7:00 a.m. B. 7:00 p.m. C. 1:00 a.m. the next day D. 1:00 p.m.

119. Quick Check What is the cause waves and currents but NOT tides? A. wind B. the moon’s gravity C. the sun’s gravity D. Earth’s gravity

120. Quick Check What is the cause of most ocean waves? A. The climate B. The large ships in the ocean C. The moon D. The wind

121. Quick Check A wave will increase in height when the distance over which the wind blows over the sea A. increases. B. decreases. C. stays the same. D is 0 kilometers.

122. Quick Check The wave will increase in height when the speed of the wind A. remains unchanged for a long time. B. decreases. C. increases. D. changes direction.

123. Quick Check Which will produce the highest wave? A. wind speed of 10 km/h B. wind speed of 20 km/h C. wind speed of 30 km/h D. wind speed of 40 km/h

124. Quick Check Which unit of measurement would you use to express the area of the Atlantic Ocean? A. m B. km C. m² D. km²

125. Section 13 – 1 Wave Action

126. Wave Action How does a wave form? How does a wave form? How does wavelength and wave height change as a wave enters shallow water? What factors determine the size of a wave?

127. EQ:What Causes a Waves to Form? A wave is a disturbance that transfers energy through matter or space. A wave is a disturbance that transfers energy through matter or space. Most waves form when winds blowing across the water’s surface transmit their energy to the water. Most waves form when winds blowing across the water’s surface transmit their energy to the water. Wind transfers energy into the sea causing waves to occur. Wind transfers energy into the sea causing waves to occur. Undersea earthquakes and landslides can also put energy into the water to produce ocean waves. Undersea earthquakes and landslides can also put energy into the water to produce ocean waves.

128. Parts of a Wave

129. Describing Waves Crest – highest part of a wave Crest – highest part of a wave Trough – lowest part of a wave Trough – lowest part of a wave Wavelength – horizontal distance between crests or troughs Wavelength – horizontal distance between crests or troughs Wave height – vertical distance from the crest to the trough Wave height – vertical distance from the crest to the trough Frequency – number of waves that pass a point in a certain amount of time Frequency – number of waves that pass a point in a certain amount of time

130. Diagram of a Wave

131. How does the water move in a wave? Like the bottle in the picture, water remains in the same place as wave travel through it.

132. Size of a Wave The size of a wave depends on the amount of energy that is transferred to the water. The size of a wave depends on the amount of energy that is transferred to the water. The amount of energy transferred depends on three things: The amount of energy transferred depends on three things: –Wind speed –Length of time it blows –Distance over which it blows As each of these factors increase, so does the size of the wave. As each of these factors increase, so does the size of the wave.

133. How Waves Change Near Shore In deep waters, waves travel as long, low waves called swells. In deep waters, waves travel as long, low waves called swells. Near shore, the wave height increases and the wavelength decreases. Near shore, the wave height increases and the wavelength decreases. When the wave reaches a certain height, the crest of the wave topples. The wave breaks onto the shore, forming surf. When the wave reaches a certain height, the crest of the wave topples. The wave breaks onto the shore, forming surf.

135. How Waves Affect the Shore Longshore Drift – movement of sand along the beach at an angle Longshore Drift – movement of sand along the beach at an angle Rip Currents – a rush of water that flows rapidly back to sea through a narrow opening Rip Currents – a rush of water that flows rapidly back to sea through a narrow opening Sandbar –as waves slow down, they deposit the sand they are carrying on the shallow, underwater slope in a long ridge Sandbar –as waves slow down, they deposit the sand they are carrying on the shallow, underwater slope in a long ridge

136. Longshore Drift

137. Rip Currents Sandbars

138. Reducing Beach Erosion Over time, erosion can wear away a beach Over time, erosion can wear away a beach Threatens homes, buildings, property Threatens homes, buildings, property groin – a wall of rocks or concrete to reduce erosion along a stretch of beach groin – a wall of rocks or concrete to reduce erosion along a stretch of beach Building groins can increase the amount of erosion father down the beach Building groins can increase the amount of erosion father down the beach

139. Answers to Wave Action 1. Crest 2. Wavelength 3. Trough 4. Wave height 5. The waves height increases and its wavelength decreases 6. When the waves come into the shore at an angle, resulting in a movement of sand along the beach 7. Build a groin 8. Wave – the movement of energy through water (b) 9. Frequency – the number of waves that pass a point in a given amount of time (d) 10. Longshore drift – the movement of sand down a beach (a) 11. Sandbar – a long, low ridge of sand deposited offshore as waves go back out to sea (c) 12. Rip current – a rush of water that flows out from the shore through a narrow opening (f) 13. Groin – a wall of rocks or concrete built outward from a beach to prevent erosion (e)

140. Quick Check What is the cause of most ocean waves? A. The climate B. The large ships in the ocean C. The moon D. The wind

141. Quick Check A wave will increase in height when the distance over which the wind blows over the sea A. increases. B. decreases. C. stays the same. D is 0 kilometers.

142. Quick Check The wave will increase in height when the speed of the wind A. remains unchanged for a long time. B. decreases. C. increases. D. changes direction.

143. Quick Check Which will produce the highest wave? A. wind speed of 10 km/h B. wind speed of 20 km/h C. wind speed of 30 km/h D. wind speed of 40 km/h

144. Quick Check Rolling waves with a large distance between crests have a long A. wave height B. wavelength C. frequency D. trough

145. Quick Check Groins are built to reduce the effect of A. tsunamis. B. longshore drift. C. rip currents. D. deep currents.

146. Quick Check Sand is gradually carried down the beach by A. groins B. sandbars C. crests D. longshore drift

147. Section 13 - 4 Currents and Climate EQ: What forces cause surface currents and deep currents?

148. What Causes Surface Currents to Move? What force causes surface currents? How do surface currents affect climate on land? What force cause deep currents? What is El Ni ñ o?

149. What is the difference between a wave and a current? Studyjams Watch the Study Jams video!

150. Surface Currents Surface currents are driven mainly by winds and follow global wind patterns, moving in circular patterns in ocean basins. Surface currents are driven mainly by winds and follow global wind patterns, moving in circular patterns in ocean basins. Surface currents affect water to a depth of several hundred meters. Surface currents affect water to a depth of several hundred meters. Coriolis effect- the effect of Earth’s rotation on the direction of winds and currents Coriolis effect- the effect of Earth’s rotation on the direction of winds and currents

151. The Coriolis Effect

152. Surface Currents Winds are responsible for ocean surface currents. Winds are responsible for ocean surface currents. A surface current is an ocean current that moves along the top part of an ocean. A surface current is an ocean current that moves along the top part of an ocean. Surface currents are moved by prevailing winds. Surface currents are moved by prevailing winds. Prevailing winds are winds that blow in regular directions almost all the time. Prevailing winds are winds that blow in regular directions almost all the time.

155. How Surface Currents Affect Climate A surface current warms or cools the air above it, influencing the climate of the land near the coast. A surface current warms or cools the air above it, influencing the climate of the land near the coast. Currents are large streams of moving water that flow through the oceans Currents are large streams of moving water that flow through the oceans Currents affect climate by moving cold and warm water around the globe. Currents affect climate by moving cold and warm water around the globe. Climate is the pattern of temperature and precipitation typical of an area over a long period of time. Climate is the pattern of temperature and precipitation typical of an area over a long period of time.

158. Deep Currents Deep Currents Deep currents are caused by differences in density rather than surface winds. Deep currents are caused by differences in density rather than surface winds. Cold waters at the bottom of the ocean creep slowly across the ocean floor. Cold waters at the bottom of the ocean creep slowly across the ocean floor. Deep currents move and mix water around the world. Deep currents move and mix water around the world. They move much slower than surface currents. They move much slower than surface currents.

160. Upwelling Upwelling is the upward movement of cold water from the ocean depths. Upwelling is the upward movement of cold water from the ocean depths. As wind blows away the warm surface water, cold water rises to replace it. As wind blows away the warm surface water, cold water rises to replace it. Upwelling brings up tiny ocean organisms, minerals, and other nutrients from the deeper layers of the water. Upwelling brings up tiny ocean organisms, minerals, and other nutrients from the deeper layers of the water.

162. El Niño El Ni ñ o- an abnormal climate event that occurs every 2 to 7 years in the Pacific Ocean. El Ni ñ o- an abnormal climate event that occurs every 2 to 7 years in the Pacific Ocean. This causes a sheet of warm water to move eastward toward the South American coast. This causes a sheet of warm water to move eastward toward the South American coast. El Niño can last for one to two years before the usual winds and currents return. El Niño can last for one to two years before the usual winds and currents return. This damage in Southern California was the result of excessive rain caused by El Niño in 1997

163. Answers to Currents and Climate 1. Surface 2. Warm or cold 3. Differences in density 4. Cold 5. By moving warm or cold water around the globe, warming or cooling the air above 6. Upwelling increases the supply of nutrients by bringing up tiny ocean organisms, minerals and other materials from the deeper layers of the water 7. Currents 8. Coriolis effect 9. Climate 10. El Niño

164. Quick Check Currents are caused by A.gravitational pull of the moon. B.gravitational pull of the sun. C.Winds, the earth’s rotation, and differences in water density. D.the earth’s rotation.

165. Quick Check Winds and currents move in curved paths because of A.the Coriolis effect. B.longshore drift. C.wave height. D.tides.

166. Quick Check What is the MAIN cause of the Gulf Stream? A. storms B. winds that blow now and then C. winds that blow in regular directions D. the moon’s gravity

167. Section 13 - 2 Tides EQ: What causes tides?

168. Tides What causes tides? How can tides be used to generate electricity? Describe the positions of the sun and the moon, in relation to Earth when spring tides occur.

169. What causes tides? Tides are caused by the interaction of Earth, the moon, and the sun. Tides are caused by the interaction of Earth, the moon, and the sun. The moon pulls on the water on the side closest to it more strongly than it pulls on the center of the Earth. The moon pulls on the water on the side closest to it more strongly than it pulls on the center of the Earth. This pull creates a bulge of water, called a tidal bulge, on the side of Earth facing the moon. This pull creates a bulge of water, called a tidal bulge, on the side of Earth facing the moon. The water opposite the moon is pulled toward the moon less strongly than the water facing the moon. The water opposite the moon is pulled toward the moon less strongly than the water facing the moon. This water is “left behind,” forming a second bulge. This water is “left behind,” forming a second bulge.

170. The Daily Tide Cycle As Earth turns completely around once each day, people on or near the shore observe the rise and fall of the tides as they reach the area of each tidal bulge. As Earth turns completely around once each day, people on or near the shore observe the rise and fall of the tides as they reach the area of each tidal bulge. The high tides occur about 12 hrs. and 25 mins. Apart in each location. The high tides occur about 12 hrs. and 25 mins. Apart in each location.

171. Tides occur at different locations on Earth because the Earth rotates more quickly than the moon revolves around the Earth.

172. Effects of Daily Tides

173. The Monthly Tide Cycle Changes in the positions of Earth, the moon, and the sun affect the height of the tides during a month. Changes in the positions of Earth, the moon, and the sun affect the height of the tides during a month. Twice a month, at the new moon and the full moon, the sun and moon are in a straight line. Twice a month, at the new moon and the full moon, the sun and moon are in a straight line. Their combined gravitational pull produces the greatest range between high and low tide, called a spring tide. Their combined gravitational pull produces the greatest range between high and low tide, called a spring tide. In between spring tides, at the first and third quarters of the month, the sun and moon pull at right angles to each other, producing a neap tide. In between spring tides, at the first and third quarters of the month, the sun and moon pull at right angles to each other, producing a neap tide. A neap tide is a tide with the least difference between low and high tide. A neap tide is a tide with the least difference between low and high tide. The movement of large amounts of water between high and low tide are a source of potential energy—energy that is stored and waiting to be used. The movement of large amounts of water between high and low tide are a source of potential energy—energy that is stored and waiting to be used.

174. Spring Tides and Neap Tides

175. Answers to Tides 1. A and D 2. C or E 3. Spring 4. Lower 5. Spring 6. Greater 7. Neap tide – tide with the least difference between high and low tide (c) 8. High tide – tide in which water reaches its highest point on the beach each day (d) 9. Spring tide – tide with the greatest difference between high and low tide (a) 10. Low tide – tide in which water reaches its lowest point on the beach each day (b)

176. Quick Check What causes tides but NOT waves and currents? A. winds and the moon’s gravity B. mostly the moon’s gravity C. mostly the sun’s gravity D. only winds

177. Quick Check At the full moon, the combined gravitational pulls of the sun and the moon produce a A. surface current. B. neap tide. C. spring tide. D. rip current.

178. Quick Check A tide which water reaches its lowest point on the beach each day is called A. neap tide. B. high tide. C. spring tide. D. low tide.

179. Quick Check Tide with the least difference between high and low tide is called A. neap tide. B. high tide. C. spring tide. D. low tide.

180. Quick Check A tide in which water reaches its highest point on the beach each day is called a A. neap tide. B. high tide. C. spring tide. D. low tide.

181. Quick Check If the first high tide of the day occurs at 1:00 am, the next high tide will come closest to A. 7:00 am B. 1:00 am the next day C. 7:00 pm D. 1:00 pm

182. Quick Check Tide with the greatest difference between high and low tide is called a A. neap tide. B. high tide. C. spring tide. D. low tide.

183. Quick Check High tides occur A. once every two days. B. once a day. C. twice a day. D. four times a day.