1.  Amanda Cram, Yesenia Quintana, Tiffany Vo, & Chasity Watchman Human Embryonic Stem Cell Research

2. Human Embryonic Stem Cell (HESC) Research  Is human embryonic stem cell research ethical?  PRO: Yes, it is ethical  CON: No, it is not ethical

3. What is a Stem Cell?  “A cell is capable of self-renewing and differentiating into an unlimited number of different cell types”  “Adult” Stem Cells  Plasticity: The ability of a cell to cross over its identity from one organ to another.  Embryonic Stem Cells: obtained from the inner cell mass of a blastocyst, early stage of an embryo  Pluripotent: produce any cell of the three germ layers

4. What is the Issue?- needs to get changed  Human embyronic stem cells (HESC) offer hope to alleviate many diseases and injuries.  Are able to differentiate into different types of cells of the body.  Can theoretically grow a body organ or treat a disease with these cells.  The process of extracting and removing HESCs involves making the embryo unsustainable for life by removing its stem cells.  Is killing a single embryo worth saving multiple people?

5. Pro  Medical Advances  Could provide inexhaustible supply of cells  Organs could be grown “on demand.”

6. Pro  Cure Present Diseases/Injuries  Cancer  Parkinson’s  Spinal Cord Injuries  ALS  MS  Muscle damage

7. Pro  Prevent  Aging

8. Con Key Points  Killing the embryo eliminates its potential for further development.  Principle of the Right to Life  A person has the right to life and growth at any stage in life  Use stem cells for the common good of saving many lives, but kill the embryo in the process.  Principle of Double Effect  An action that is good clashes with “no harm” and evil effects results unintentionally.

9. Con Key Points  Violates central tenet of not doing harm to a member of the human species for the potential sole benefit of others.  Nonmaleficence  World Medical Association’s basic principle states, “Concern for the interest of the subject must always prevail over the interest of science and society” (Brownback, Souder, Hook, & Doerflinger, 2003).  Should do what is best which require a favorable risk- benefit ratio for the embryo.  Beneficence  The Belmont Report states," Respect for persons incorporates at least two ethical convictions: first, that individuals should be treated as autonomous agents, and second, that persons with diminished autonomy are entitle to protection” (Napier, 2009).

10. Influences  Cost  More expensive to fund HESC research than nonembryonic research.  Religion/Culture  Immoral  “Playing God”  Harming another to benefit another  Embryo is considered a life at moment of conception.  U.S. Legislation

11. Alternative Methods  Adult Stem Cells  More successful and promising  May 4, 2001: Can repair cardiac damage  Not immoral  According to the National Bioethics Committee:  “In our judgment, the derivation of the stem cells from embryos remaining following fertility treatment is justifiable only if no less morally problematic alternatives are available for advancing the research” (Brownback, Souder, Hook, & Doerflinger, 2003).

12.  Embryonic cells are not as easy to maintain  Called “tricky” and “more tedious to grow” (Brownback, Souder, Hook, & Doerflinger, 2003).  Takes the destruction of many cells in order to produce the few that are wanted  Even still, not very successful  Experiment with mice and insulin  Mice secreted only 1/50 the normal amount of insulin and still died Negatives of Embryonic Stem Cell Research

13. Nursing and HESC Research Nursing Code of Ethics  2.2 Conflict of interest for nurses  Nurses should disclose to all relevant parties any perceived conflict of interest and should withdraw (in some cases) from further participation.  3.3 Protection of participants in research  Each person has the right to choose whether or not to participate in research.

14. Nursing and HESC Research  As future nurses we need to be aware that we are to ensure the best of the patient

15. Resources  Brownback, S., Souder, M., Hook, C., & Doerflinger, R. M. (2001). Should the U.S. government support embryonic stem cell research? CON. Congressional Digest, 80(10), 234.  Napier, S. (2009). A regulatory argument against human embryonic stem cell research. Journal of Medicine & Philosophy, 34(5), 496-508.  (2009). Medical Ethics: Issues of Life and Death. Pharmaceutical Representative, 39(8), 24-27. Retrieved from Academic Search Premier database.  Ronald C. Sanders Jr, William B. Slayton, Christopher R. Cogle, Robert C. Fisher, Edward W. Scott Paediatric Respiratory Reviews, Volume 7, Issue 2, June 2006, Pages 135-140